Design Procedures from Appraisal to Completion - Essay Example

? Design Procedures from Appraisal to Completion enter the Number or College 9th November, Contents 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………4 2. Preparation…………………………………………………………………………….5 2.1. Planning……………………………………………………………………………..5 2.2. Appraisal…………………………………………………………………………….5-8 2.3. Client Adviser……………………………………………………………………….9 2.4. Project Lead………………………………………………………………………….9 2.5. Design Lead………………………………………………………………………….9 2.6 Construction Lead…………………………………………………………………….9 2.7 Design Brief…………………………………………………………………………..9-10 3. Design………………………………………………………………………………….10 3.1. Design Development…………………………………………………………………10 3.2. Types of Designs……………………………………………………………………..10 3.2.1. Architectural Design………………………………………………………………..11 3.2.2. Landscape Design…………………………………………………………………..12 3.2.3. Structural Design……………………………………………………………………13 3.2.4. Building Services Design…………………………………………………………...14-15 3.3. Concept……………………………………………………………………………….15-16 3.4. Technical Design……………………………………………………………………..16 3.5.Cost, Health and Safety……………………………………………………………….17 3.6. Building Regulation…………………………………………………………………..17 3.7. Environmental Consideration…………………………………………………………18 4. Pre-Construction………………………………………………………………………...18 4.1. Production Information………………………………………………………………..18-19 4.2. Tender Documentation………………………………………………………………..19 4.3. Tender Action…………………………………………………………………………20 5. Construction…………………………………………………………………………….20 5.1. Mobilization……………………………………………………………………………20 5.2. Meetings, Valuation and Inspections…………………………………………………..21 5.3. Construction to Practical Completion………………………………………………….21 6. Use (Post Practical Completion)………………………………………………………..22 7. Work Cited………………………………………………………………………………23-24 Design Procedures from Appraisal to Completion An architectural design is a collaboration of multiple stages that involves variety of considerations at every step. It’s a piece of art to be built, from the mind to the paper and finally to a physical structure, visible to every eye. The process starts from Appraisal and step by step it completes to the final product. 1. Introduction To integrate structural design and analyze data is an architectural design process according to Tessmann (2008). When a building is to be made a design is thought and then projected, the projection is a process that is as important as the need to make an architectural design. Architecture is generally conceived and then it is designed, realized and finally built in response to the conditions that are there and could not be ignored (Ching, 2007). A design is the most effected by conditions they can be economical, social, political or environmental, a solution is to be provided to solve problems. The process is thus very important to follow as in to get out of conditions effectively without causing any lost that can be physical or economical. According to Ching (2007) the art is to solve problems before occurring. Architecture or the experience of built environment is part of everyday life for most people. According to Conway &Roenisch (2005) buildings are the background to our lives, most of us do not look at them critically and do not notice there details, unless there is a need to make one of our own in particular. An architectural design is different in forms; it may be a house, garden, outlet or an office. Considerations are different as per requirements; same is the case with the budge and the team management. So initially it is important to understand what a design is, what may be the requirements, what is expected from the client and how to deal with the situations. 2. Preparation Once a construction is set to be made preparation begins, who is going to built it, who builds better, what it would cost, how much time would it take, what the result would be and finally will it be the same as thought or predicted. A construction company is responsible to plan, regulate, design, manufacture, fabricate, erect and maintain a building or a structure (Chappell & Willis 2010). A project can be small or big thus the cost depends on the scale varying from thousand to millions of pounds. The complexity and organization vary on the execution of the project. 2.1. Planning The first step towards any construction is to plan, plan what and how to present the customer. The client is the most important member of the construction team. There are a number of construction companies in U. S. and do a business of millions of dollars every year thus increasing the competition. Every firm does their best to plan the best for their clients. The requirement of every construction is different. The labor, machinery, material everything changes with the product and so is the cost. 2.2. Appraisal The first presentation to the Client is the appraisal. It is the intimacy between the contractor and the owner on the professional bases. To produce a product with a potential 100-year lifespan is not an easy task (Levy, 2010). It should be well done as it’s the first step to satisfy the client. A winning proposal is important to be made with impressive drawing and illustrations. A proposal should focus on the needs and concerns of the client. According to Stasiowski 2003.p.5 it is important to know the potential clients very well in order to understand their real issues. Drawing is presented to show what the product would be. Illustration is an important way to communicate an architectural design. An illustration is the abstract of the product. Abstraction allows comforting the complexities of raw realities through sorting; labeling, cataloguing and denying those aspects of the world that do not fit the invented scheme (Ots, 2011. p.4). Some of the drawings that maybe presented on appraisal stage: Fig. 2.2.1 Foundation Plan Fig.2.2.2. First Floor Plan Fig.2.2.3. Front Elevation Fig.2.2.4. Some other views of the product 2.3. Client Adviser: A client adviser is the official who advices the client about the positive or negatives of the design provided by the construction company. In some cases it is more important to satisfy the client’s adviser then the client himself. 2.4. Project Lead: Every team has a leader the project leader is the first one to satisfy even before the client. The presentation of the product is the burden of the project leader. 2.5. Design Lead: The design is the most important feature of the appraisal; it is what the clients approve. The design leader designs the options which than are approved by project leader before it is presented to the client. 2.6 Construction Lead: Construction is actual purpose of the design. Construction requires to be approved politically, socially, environmentally and economically. Thus the construction leader not only constructs but makes it error free. 2.7 Design Brief: Briefing is a creative process. Design is briefing, and depends on the design (Blyth & Worthington, 2010. p.15). A successful briefing is about the client involvement by an interactive process. Managing the project splits into two different stages. Building project and achieving the client’s expectations on time and importantly in the cost. Design Brief manager should be clever, soft spoken and at the same time teasing in a positive manner (Blyth & Worthington, 2010. p.15). 3. Design 3.1. Design Development Development is the working on a concept. Development requires step by step implementation. It’s a process to form and develop what was thought but the practical method to move on. Development offers a lot of important and serious stakes that inspire the design practice (Bodart&Evrard, 2011). Development should be made socially, economically and conceptual. 3.2. Types of Designs There are different types of design and thus there presentation is different. The requirements of a landscape are entirely different from a house. Many times it may be a combination of both but there requirements are still different. 3.2.1. Architectural Design Architectural projects are generally discussed by public and the profession after they have been built and handed over to the client (Anderson, 2011). An architectural design is the combination of the entire building components to communicate with the teams. It includes all the frames and the outer area of the building. For example below is the plan of a building including the first and second floor and also the supporting landscape area? Fig.3.2.1.1. Architectural design Plan Fig.3.2.1.2. Architectural design Elevation 3.2.2. Landscape Design The purpose of the landscape architectural design is the impair a spatial organization for human use and enrichment by the quality of board palette of elements in such a way that they look inspiring to look at (Booth, 2012, p.11). Landscape is the arrangement of elements and space in an artistic manner. A landscape design looks like as follow: Fig.3.2.2.1. Landscape Design Plan 3.2.3. Structural Design A structural design is the most important design of a construction, it the base on which construction is made. A right structure is the base of a strong building. According to Underwood and Chiuini (2007) one of the most important aspects of a structural design is the selection and configuration of structural system. The factors that determined a structural design are Material weight Wind forces Earthquakes People and equipment Time and application Figure below shows a view of structural design. Fig.3.2.3.1. A structural design 3.2.4. Building Services Design It is the requirement of a building to have services to comfort people who use it. By the time human being want everything at their houses and even want to replace new technologies time by time. Electricity, gas, heating, cooling, water, security are all part of the construction. All these services are to be provided and thus planned. They are decided and drawn to make things at hand. Fig.3.2.4.1. Electrical Plan Fig.3.2.4.2. Plumber Plan 3.3. Concept Concept is the main idea of a building. An architect do no rationalizes a design like a painter, he needs to think shapes and provide the logical implications intellectually (Johnson, 1994). Thus the concept is the logical design that is presented, the main idea of the architectural structure. The most important aspect of forming a concept is to perceive different. Without this skill a concept is out of grasp. The visual concept is the most important criteria of concept presentation. How the final product would be like, it would be different than the one visualized but would look like something near. It should actually look better to be termed as successful product (Winters, 2005, p.13) Fig.3.3.1. A Conceptual Design Every architect will give u a different definition of an architectural concept, but in the essence, a concept is the idea behind a project that elevates the building from just being a building but towards being architecture. (Anderson, 2011, p.48) 3.4. Technical Design Technical elements of a design are one of the most important, as they not only form a structure right, the approval of the building lawfully also depends on the technical Design. The proper roofing, foundation and framing etc are the aspects of a technical design. A building should be well supported from head to toe, every deck in the foundation to roofing should be placed correct and deformation of column and wall should be avoided. (Crosbie& Watson, 2005, p. 1-6) 3.5. Cost, Health and Safety Cost is mostly the first question of the investor; anything could be made expensive if it is not handled effectively. The product entirely depends on the cost.Every part of the design procedure requires cost. Cost is at first determined in per unit and then the total calculation is made as per requirement so there is a sure chance that it varies from the actual estimate.Health and safety are two other aspects of the design. Both client and designer play a role in maintaining health and safety. Traditionally it was thought to be the contactors responsibility but now it is witnessed that contractor alone cannot deal with health and safety issues. So it is important to design health and safety into production process. There are codes of practice and standards determined to use collaborating with the performance based safety legislation. Falls are the most common risk at constructions along with wrong handling of mechanical equipments. Manual handling risks are also legislated in many countries to analyze the risk undertaken in such activities (Lingard&Rowlinson, 2005, p. 11-13). It is thus very important that the health and safety management system should be very realistic to avoid any mishap. 3.6. Building Regulation The buildings Regulations are make personal, plant, services and operation method at worksite safe. Regulations are to be followed at any case, both by the client and the contractor. The International Code Council (ICC) regulates the “performance Code for Buildings and Facilities” in the US. The performance code has three parts: administrative, building and fire. 3.7. Environmental Consideration According to Roger Bacon, Nature can only be mastered by obeying its law. It is an important issue of an architectural design to be environmentally successful. The commitment of an environmental designer is to enhance the human experience and design a product that is both aesthetically pleasing and socially meaningful (Smith, 2011). 4. Pre-Construction 4.1. Production Information When will I get it, what will be the cost? Before the construction begins the production information is gathered and the cost is estimated, required for the production (Sears, Sears & Clough, 2008). Once the cost is estimated it is accounted and then discussed to the clients on the basis of it a tender is formulated. The production information also defines the ways and labor and the equipments and material requirements. It is the estimate of the material along with the cost. Production Information has to be realistic and updated. It is not the final call but it has to be a near one in order to form good business statement. 4.2. Tender Documentation Tender documentation is the responsibility of a tender manager; tender documentation is an effective stage of managing a project. A tender document should be complete and timed (Uher& Davenport, 2010) tender document should have, Notice to bidder Conditions of tendering (this includes a tender form) General conditions for the contractor Specifications Drawings Bill of quantities (optional) 4.4. Tender Action The purpose of a tender is to identify the potential contractor for the successful construction of the project. The tender action is to gain and appraise the tender and then convince the client to accept the tender. Tender submission is the most critical step of the entire cost planning process (Smith &Jaggar, 2006) .Following steps are involved Pre-tender enquiries Checking the potential contractors Confirming tenders Providing documents Answering queries during tender period Receiving and opening tenders Appraising valid tenders Carrying out negotiations with other tenderers by the approval of the client Tender report submission Adjustments if required After a successful tender action the tender is signed as a contract leading to the most important step of the architectural procedure, which is construction. 5. Construction It includes the implementation of the entire research, illustrations, drawings and otherdocumentation. 5.1. Mobilization Mobilization is to make the set up and get started towards the construction. It is important to place the material, equipment and labor on the site to start a construction process successfully. It is the first step of the construction phase and involves a number of activities (Jackson, 2004). Some of the activities involved in the mobilization process are: Set up field office Set up storage facility Secure the site Develop materials and handling plan Secure temporary electricity, water and telephone Arrange trash removal Provide temporary toilets Assemble survey Confirm testing services Establish job site management system Establish safety programs Pay for all required permits Mobilization only addresses the activities in order to start construction, but a plan should be formulated to obtain information where and how their activities are going to be applied in order to provide better productivity and efficiency. 5.2. Meetings, Valuation and Inspections Meetings Valuations and Inspections keep the work going right. It is very important to interact through meetings so the product could be discussed and made better. Meetings should be made only when they are needed and it is also important that the briefing is specific (Holroyd, 1999). A meeting is made for brainstorming or to solve a problem. Valuation of a construction is important to make. A building is authorized by building permits. During a construction period regular inspection should be made especially to control erosion and sediment. Inspections needs to be flexible and they should shift in the intensity of activities occurring on the site (Pitt, Clark & Lack, 2006). 5.3. Construction to Practical Completion Building is not as easy as it is written; it is a combination of a lot of hard work, time and cost. The practical completion may be timely or it may be not depending on the situation that occurred during the construction. According to Haider (2011) the practical completion does not mean the completion down to the last minute details. It could be said as the task to be practically completed but not entirely finished. But it is the last step towards the completion. 6. Use (Post Practical Completion) When a contract is about to be completed the administrative issues are omitted. The process of post practical construction involves the final inspection and the payment to be paid finally to the contractor. In big constructions the payments are kept for six months just as a warranty so that if any issues are there they can be resolved during this time. (Billington& Gibbs 2012).The use of the product is the actually one step ahead practical completion. As many flaws are detected once the building comes to use. 6. Works Cited Tessmann, O., 2008. Collaborative Design Procedures for Architects and Engineer.Switzerland: BoD. p. 2. Ching, K. D. F., 2007. Architecture: Form, Space, & Order.3rd ed. USA:John Wiley & Sons. p. 1-5. Conway, H., &Roenisch, R.,2005. Understanding Architecture: An Introduction to Architecture and Architectural History.2nd ed. USA: Routledge. p. 5 Chappell, D., &Wiilis, D., 2010. The Architect in Practice: 10th ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1-10 Levy, M. S., 2010.Construction Process Planning and Management: An Owner's Guide to Successful Projects. USA: Elsevier Inc. Stasiowski, A. F., 2003. Architect's Essentials of Winning Proposals.USA:John Wiley & Sons. p.5. Ots, E., 2011. Decoding Theoryspeak: An Illustrated Guide to Architectural Theory.USA: Taylor & Francis. p.4. Blyth, A.,& Worthington, J., 2010.Managing the Brief For Better Design. 2nd ed. USA: Taylor &francis. p.15-18. Anderson, J., 2011. Basics Architecture 03: Architectural Design. USA: AVA.p.1-100. Booth, N., 2012. Foundations of LandscapeArchitecture: Integrating Form and Space Using the Language of Site Design. USA:John Wiley & Sons.p.11. Underwood, R. J., &Chiuini, M., 2007. Structural Design: A Practical Guide for Architects. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Johnson, A. P., 1994. The Theory of Architecture: Concepts Themes & Practices.USA: John Wiley & Sons. Winters, B. N., 2005.Architecture Is Elementary: Visual Thinking Through Architectural Concepts. USA: Gibbs Smith.p.11. Bodart, M., &Evrard, A., 2011.Architecture & Sustainable Development – Proceedings.Vol. 1, France. Corsbie, M., & Watson, D., 2005.Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design: Technical Data for Professional Practice. 8th ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1-6. Lingard, C. H.,&Rowlinson, M. S., 2005.Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Project Management. USA: John Wiley & Sons.p.11-13 Smith, L. D., 2011.Environmental Issues for Architecture. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Sears, K. S., Sears, A. G., & Clough, H. R., 2008.Construction Project Management: A Practical Guide to Field Construction Management. USA: John Wiley & Sons. p.23. Uher E. T.,& Davenport, P., 2010.Fundamentals of Building Contract Management.2nd ed. Australia: NewSouth Publishing. Smith, J., &Jaggar, D., 2006. Building Cost Planning for the Design Team.USA: Routledge. Jackson, J. B., 2004. Construction Management Jump Start. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Holroyd, M. T., 1999. Site Management for Engineers.London: Thomas Telford. United States. Bureau of the Census., 1991. State and Metropolitan Area Data Book. U.S. Pitt, E. R., Clark, E. S., & Lake, W. D., 2006.Construction Site Erosion and Sediment Controls: Planning, Design and Performance.USA: DEStech. Haider, A., 2011. Global Claims in Construction.UAE: Springer. Billington, J.M., & Gibbs, C., 2012. Extending and Improving Your Home: An Introduction. USA: John Wiley & Sons. Thompson, A., 1999. Architectural Design Procedures.2nd ed. USA: Arnold. Rowe, G. P., 1991. Design Thinking. USA: MIT press. Read More