Omic Technologies in Cancer Diseases - Essay Example

‘Omic’ technologies by ‘Omic’ technologies ‘Omic’ technologies take a holistic view of the molecules that generally make up an organism, cell, or tissue. This technology is mainly aimed at the universal detection of metabolites (metabolomics) mRNA (transcriptomics) genes (genomics),) and proteins (proteomics) in a specific biological sample in a non-biased and. non-targeted manner. It can also be termed as high-dimensional biology; and the integration of these techniques is referred to as systems biology. The primary aspect of these methodologies is that a compound system can be comprehended more systematically if considered as a whole. The experiments for both the Systems biology and omic tend to vary from traditional studies since the studies are mainly hypothesis driven In contrast, the systems biology experiments use holistic approaches where there is no specific theory prescribed or known . All the data is much required and is analyzed in order to describe a hypothesis that can be tested further. These strategies have various applications as well as much potential. The Omic technology can be practical not only for the wider comprehension of regular physiological practices but also in disease processes as they play a major role in prognosis screening diagnosis and also aid in our understanding of the etiology of diseases. Omic approaches offer themselves to biomarker discovery as they examine multiple molecules. At the same time. Omic examination is widely being used in the discovery of drugs and assessment of the drug toxicity as well as its efficacy. Pharmacogenomics is defined as the intersection of genomics and pharmacology is defined as the study of the function of inheritance in the variation of an individual in response to drug, which can possibly be used to optimize and individualize drug therapy. Pharmacogenomics is very significant for oncology, as unpredictable efficacy and severe toxicity are symbols of therapies for cancer. Systems methodologies to conditions such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and cancer provide the chance to assist greatly the success of choosing novel goals for treatments as well as drug development. In the years to come, systems biology might empower us to advance new methods that will be prognostic, preventive, and personalized. There has been a research carried out in obstetrics and gynecology and at the moment its taking advantage of these opportunities. The main aim of this assessment is to offer an overview of the omic testing and technologies and their probable application to women’s health research. Genomics is defined as the systematic study of genome in an organism. The genome is the entire DNA of an organism or a cell. The human genome consists of 3.2 billion bases as well as an estimated 30,000 – 40,000 protein coding genes. In the past, genes were examined independently but microarray technology has brought significant changes in the recent years. The microarrays of DNA determine the differences that exist in DNA sequence between entities and the expression of a large number of genes can be evaluated concurrently. They can disclose deformities such as chromosomal insertions and deletions or unusual chromosomal numbers in a process referred to as comparative genomichybridisation. One of the most common differences in DNA orders between people are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whereby a single nucleotide is replaced by another; this may have functional importance if the conversion results in a codon for a dissimilar amino acid. They become of certain interest when connected with diseases with a genetic purpose. One nucleotide polymorphism profiling has also a major role in pharmacogenomics when trying to explore the patient’s responses to drug. Omic systems have become very important tools in the growth of systems biology. The use of omic techniques has become very crucial in comprehending and interpreting the development of Traditional Chinese medicine or rather TCM. As well as modern tendencies in western medicine. As the holistic approaches underlying the practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and new tendencies in Western medicine especially in viewing the development in the Western countries. Omic applications in the research of TCM research are revised and this has allowed some speculation in regard to the future perceptions for these approaches in TCM standardization as well as modernization There are also proposed guidelines for better exercise for the application of omic in TCM research Omic strategies are still providing many challenges. Its technology as well as its software are still developing and diagraming the human metabolome and proteome is also in progress. Sometimes, pregnancies can be exceedingly heterogeneous as it a very unique physiological condition. Cautiously designed experiments carried out together with application of appropriate analytical methods will highly aid in dealing with these challenges. Development of the use of omic techniques in TCM research Basing its origin at the beginning of this century, the omic technologies have developed application in practically all biomedical fields and have also rapidly created complementarity with various established experimental models.. Omic techniques allow an immediate vision of classes of molecules at a given system and therefore they are the main experimental drivers of approaches .. Despite the omic’s potential for application in bioinformatics in studies and also in analytical technique the study involving herbal medicine, the range of multi-displinary as well as high cost are required. They are require because their application have primarily expertise required for their application have primarily inhibited the speed of their acceptance and propagation to a pace that is more slower than it might have been estimated. Omic techniques most frequently used in TCM research Genomics The first issues that are addressed by the omic technologies is the sample TCM variability products and materials and Quality control in the TCM field. The procedures are applied in TCM research in order to detect diverse species of Fritillaria as early as 1999s. This procedures have proved to be very important tools that can be applied to analyze mixed herbal preparations which for example permitted the determination of Dendrobium nobile in the formulation of Chinese medicine. It contains nine diverse herbal components and thus the DNA chip technology can offer a fast, high-throughput, as well as information-rich tool for species authentication, genotyping and quality assurance and species authentication Another improvement of DNA chip technology is signified by the “DNA barcoding” method. This method can be applied in identification and recognition of samples of plants through comparing the sequences of a normal short DNA portion. This technique has been applied in for the establishment of an exact and effective identification system. It is a more significant methodology when compared to other techniques applied to identify ginseng samples like the DNA fingerprinting. DNA-based methods signify an effective platform for the identification of CHM though they have some disadvantages that are mainly related to both the quantity and quality of the DNA from either processed or dried materials. In addition to this, different parts of the same herbs or plants that are of the same species but have been grown under different environmental conditions are studied to exhibit similar DNA sequences though their quality, indications, as well as clinical utility may vary. Microarray examination of gene appearance is a developed gene chip technology that permits fast and complete examination of thousands of transcripts. When these methods are applied, the microarray together with other relevant methods are referred to as transcriptomic technologies. PROTEOMICS Proteomics has in the recent past been stood out as an area that has great insights to transform medicine and biology. This is due to the changes in the mRNA expression mostly associated poorly with changes in the protein expression and functions. Therefore, proteomic research a purpose at the comprehension of the protein functions and expressions on a global level and therefore it is greatly requires to be assimilated with other intelligence such as mRNAs and metabolites, and profiles of genes to fully understand the way biological systems work. There are two current approaches centered on mass-spectrometry are the most regularly used for protein profiling in global quantitative way: two-dimensional electrophoresis monitored by staining, then selection and identification; isotope labels to label proteins, split by chromatography and spectrometry analysis. Both of these approaches can be accompanied with beneficial information afforded by molecular imaging. Metabolomics and Metabonomics According to Nicholson and Lindon, (2008) Metabonomics generally purposes to quantify the global, metabolic reaction of living organisms to genetic manipulation or biological stimuli. The main focus is to understand systemic changes in the course of time in a multi-cellular system. Metabolomics seek analytical descriptions of biological samples (complex) and purposes in the characteristics and quantification of all the small molecules in a given sample. Metabonomics in generally a type of pharmaceutical research. The term was coined for nonbiased, comprehensive, analyses of complex metabolite of plant extracts. Using Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry, Metabolomics profiling has been used for screening extracts from diverse germ-plasm streaks of Scutellaria baicalensis. This is done to identify, profile, and quantitatively compare metabolites. Mass spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and are the most commonly used analytical techniques for Metabonomics applications. Conclusions and future directions Omic methodologies were established due to the need for coherent, information-rich molecular biological tactics and have been pragmatic to different segments of CHM investigation starting from regularization and eminence regulation of herbal formularies, characterization of target mediated and downstream effects, the documentation of molecular contrivances to estimation of side effects and collaborations with other medicinal drugs. Omic techniques can be well-thought-out to be an influential tool to study and address many subsequent questions in CHM research due to their potential to reveal the multifarious pharmacological linkages prompted by complicated herbal formulations. 
Despite the numerous benefits of omic techniques, attentiveness ambiances their use in CHM, and also in pharma-cognosy generally, this is mainly due to the current inadequate experience. The results gotten currently with the uses of omic technologies have been immerged to be encouraging but a lot more effort needs to be commenced to inspect their full prospective in CHM research. Bibliography Chavan, P., Joshi, K., Patwardhan, B., 2006. DNA microarrays in herbal drug research. eCAM 3, 447–457. Chen, X., Zhou, H., Liu, Y.B., Wang, J.F., Li, H., Ung, C.Y., Han, L.Y., Cao, Z.W., Chen, Y.Z., 2006. Database of traditional Chinese medicine and its application to studies of mechanism and to prescription validation. British Journal of Pharmacology 149, 1092–1103. Hayes, K.R., Vollrath, A.L., Zastrow, G.M., McMillan, B.J., Craven, M., Jovanovich, S., Rank, D.R., Penn, S., Walisser, J.A., Reddy, J.K., Thomas, R.S., Bradfield, C.A., 2005. EDGE: a centralized resource for the comparison, analysis, and distribution of toxicogenomic information. Molecular Pharmacology 67, 1360–1368. Heubl, G., 2010. New aspects of DNA-based authentication of Chinese medicinal plants by molecular biological techniques. Planta Medica 76, 1963–1974. Liang, X., Chen, X., Liang, Q., Zhang, H., Hu, P., Wang, Y., Luo, G., 2011. Metabonomic study of Chinese medicine Shuanglong formula as an effective treatment for myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Proteome Research 10, 790–799. Zhuang, W.J., Fong, C.C., Cao, J., Ao, L., Leung, C.H., Cheung, H.Y., Xiao, P.G., Fong, W.F., Yang, M.S., 2004. Involvement of NF- Read More