Anatomical Structure and Their Clinical Significance - Report Example

Anatomical Structure and their Clinical Significance Name of the Student Name of the Professor Date CASE STUDY 1: ARM & BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Q1: Auxiliary nerve is most likely affected and the functional information provided to show this is pain experienced in movement around the shoulder. The skin over the shoulder also feels a bit numb (Elvey, 2009). Q2: In the arm, the axillary nerve supplies muscles like teres minor, deltoid and the long head of a muscle called triceps brachii (Hurwitz, Swartz & Mathes, 2009). Q3: Injury to the nerve might affect the functions of the stated muscles and hence resulting into weak flexion, rotation of the shoulder, extension and loss of sensation in parts of lateral upper arm (Hurwitz, Swartz & Mathes, 2009). Q4: In testing whether the auxiliary artery has been affected, the doctor can look for auxiliary haematoma, a cool limb and reduced or absent pulses (Elvey, 2009). Q5: Radial nerve of brachial plexus is susceptible to damage (Elvey, 2009). Q6: In case of occurrence of this kind of injury, the muscles that are most likely to be affected include the large deltoid which is have some part of its body within the anterior compartments in the upper limp and extents unto the shoulder and it’s the major abductor muscle. Also likely affected is the brachioradialis muscle that starts from the arm into the forearm and has the responsibility of rotating the hand to allow the palm face forward (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006). The upper limb movements likely to be affected are the shoulder as well as the arm movement. Q7: The extensor muscle that is not likely to be affected is the biceps muscles. This is because they are very strong (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006) CASE STUDY 2: GLUTEAL REGION & THIGH Q1: The most likely cause of pain include the following: First, strain or injuries of the hamstrings resulting in muscle weaknesses during late phases of the running, secondly, greater trochanteric pain syndrome which incorporates disorders like external hip snapping, trochanteric bursitis, glutenus miminus and trochanteric bursitis, and thirdly, piriformis syndrome defined as gluteal pain related to pain of sciatic nature and secondary to sciatic nerve compression by periformis muscle (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006). Also being the likely cause is the sciatic buritis claimed to result from excess force by hamstring muscles on the bursa (Elvey, 2009). Q2: The radiation of pain down to the knee is as a result of the most superior deep muscles called piriformis being affected. The muscles have their origin in the sacrum’s anterior surface and travels through to sciatic foramen into part of femur called trochanter (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006) Q3: The muscles likely to be affected involve are the adductor magnus and the sartorious. Q4: During normal locomotion, there are two muscles which must function in the right way. They include adductor magnus which runs down the inner part of the thigh while the Sartorius which is thinner muscles that crosses the thigh and is attached near knee’s side (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006). The Sartorius muscle helps in flexing, lateral rotation of the hip, flexion of the knee and as well weak abduction. The conditions that can interfere with its use is an inflammatory state of the medial part of the knee called pes anserine bursitis. It result in athlete from overuse and symptoms are tenderness, swelling and pain as well. The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle of medical compartment and its function is divided into two parts namely the hamstring part and the abductor part. The muscle lies to the other muscles posteriorly. Q5: The most likely affected nerve is the obturator nerves since all the muscles of the medial thigh are innervated by this type of nerve. CASE STUDY 3: FOREARM AND HAND Q1: The nerve likely affected is the ulnar nerve since it is the vulnerable nervous structure in cases of injuries. Elbow injury is evident in the scenario. Q2: The ulnar nerve manipulates the movement of larger forearm muscles and lots of small muscles in the hand (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). These muscles include flexor digitorum profondus and flexor carpi ulnaris both of the forearm and for the hand, through deep branch of ulna, we have, hypothenar muscles, lumbrical muscles, adductor pollicis, palmar interossei, flexor pollicis brevis and Palmaris brevis via superficial branch. Functions likely to be affected by ulner nerve injury are provision of sensory innervation to parts of the palm, fifth digit as well as fourth digit, and motor function which involve innervating muscles in both the hand and forearm (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). Q3: The functions of the thumb not likely to be affected are the first, second and third digits since the ulner nerve do not provide innervation to these parts of the thumb (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). CASE STUDY 4: LEG AND FOOT Q1: This is due to the fact that the fibula only supports 17% of the body weight compared to tibia that supports a greater weight (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). Q2: The muscle compartments affected are the lateral compartment and superficial posterior compartments Q3: The muscles acting on the lateral compartments are fibularis longus and fibularis brevis whose main action is to avert foot and also the weakly plantarflexes while those acting on superficial posterior compartments include gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris whose main action include plantar flexes foot and flexes knee (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). Q4: Roger’s foot drop is as a result of nerve injury. The nerve is most likely to be the peroneal nerve which is the kind of sciatic nerves wrapping from the knee’s back to front part of the shin. It incorporates both deep and superficial peroneal branches and innervate leg muscles playing the role of lifting the ankle and tossing the leg up. Since these cannot be done by Roger ie lifting the leg we can conclude that the peroneal nerves are affected (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006) Q5: Brain and spiral disorder e.g. stoke Q6: There are some larger muscles that control the movement of the foot and toes and are located in the leg. They are referred to as extrinsic muscles of the foot. The muscles makes the foot less bulky hence can easily be raised and the same time allows fine movement with little restrictions. Within the foot are smaller muscles called intrinsic muscles which play the role of supporting the arch of the foot and moving the toes. In case these muscles are affected, we experience the similar symptoms as above (Palastanga, Field & Soames, 2006) a) Q7: The foot should be in the everted position since the action of muscles of the lateral compartments of the leg is eversion and they are the affected ones. Q8: The most contributing factor to arch strength and stability is the presence of three keystones which form arm apex and holds together the whole arch structure. The main functions of these arches are provided below: The foot arches ensures that the distribution of body weight is proportional in the foot to calcaneus, Meta tarsals, founds, and talus (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). b) They also act as a segmented lever due to presence of soleus, long flexors and the fore of foot short muscles. c) The plantar concavity plays the role of protecting nerves and plantar vessels from experiencing compression (Taylor & Schwarz, 2005). References Elvey, R. L. (2009). Brachial plexus tension tests and the pathoanatomical origin of arm pain. Aspects of manipulative therapy. Melbourne: Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences, 105-10. Hurwitz, D. J., Swartz, W. M., & Mathes, S. J. (2009). The gluteal thigh flap: a reliable, sensate flap for the closure of buttock and perineal wounds. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 68(4), 521-530. Kelikian, A. S., & Sarrafian, S. K. (Eds.). (2011). Sarrafian's anatomy of the foot and ankle: descriptive, topographic, functional. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Palastanga, N., Field, D., & Soames, R. (2006). Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (Vol. 20056). Elsevier Health Sciences. Tantry, T. P., Koteshwar, R., Karanth, H., Shetty, P., Shetty, V., & Muralishankar, B. G. (2015). Motor response evaluation during brachial plexus block anesthesia: An ultrasonography aided study. Anesthesia, essays and researches, 9(2), 225. Taylor, C. L., & Schwarz, R. J. (2005). The anatomy and mechanics of the human hand. Artificial limbs, 2(2), 22-35. Read More