Mitochondria as an Essential Part of Functioning of the Organelles in the Endomembrane - Essay Example

Essay: Biology A cell is the structural component of life and is highly organised as well as complex. A cell has specific structures or rather organelles that perform particular roles. Inside the cell, various cell organelles that are formed from several different molecules perform the roles of transporting materials, energy capture as well as release, waste disposal, protein building together with information storage. Every cell is covered by a membrane that carries out several crucial functions of the cell. There are several organ systems that include; integumentary system made up of skin, nails, hair and sweat glands which is responsible for covering and protecting the body. The skeletal system is composed of cartilage, bones and ligaments. The skeletal system protects and supports muscles that are attached to bones as well as the body; provides calcium storage and is also a site where blood cells are formed (John, 2010). The muscular system on the other hand comprises of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. It is charged with movement of parts of the skeleton, pumping of blood, locomotion as well as helping in the movement of all internal materials. The fourth system is the endocrine system which is made up of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, hypothalamus gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries together with other ductless glands. This system is tasked with regulation of body chemistry as well as several body functions. The nervous system is made up of sense and nerves organs, spinal cord and brain. This system is charged with receiving of stimuli from internal and external environments, conduction of impulses as well as integration of activities of the rest of the systems (John, 2010). Respiratory system is made up of air and lung passageways and is tasked with exchange of gases between the blood as well as the external environment. Digestive system is made up of mouth stomach, esophagus, pancreas, liver and intestines and is responsible for ingesting and digesting foods, as well as absorbing them inside the bloodstream. The urinary system comprises of the bladder, kidney as well as other associated ducts. It is charged with excretion of metabolic wastes, removal of substances that are present in excess out of the blood. Lastly, the reproductive system comprises of ovaries, testes together with associated structures. Its main function is that of reproduction (John, 2010). The major components of the immune system include; thymus, lymph system, spleen, bone marrow, antibodies, hormones, white blood cells as well as complement system. The circulatory system on the other hand is made up of the heart, blood, blood vessels lymph together with lymph structures. This system is charged with transportation of materials from one region of the body to the other and defending body against disease. The four classes of biomolecules include; fatty acids, monosaccharide, amino acids and nucleotides (John, 2010). 2. Fundamentally, DNA contains genes-which naturally code for the genetic information amongst every organism. On the other hand DNA is enclosed into chromosomes during cell division. Inheritance occurs due to meiosis (cell division process).Thus there are 46-chromosomes in all human non-sex cells. In the he human reproductive organs, such as testis, the cells through meiosis produce somewhat genetically varied sex cells having only 23 chromosomes. This is the period when the DNA contained in the initial parent cells are replicated as well as “passed on” to the sex cells. A cell with the original 46 chromosomes is formed when a female and male’s sex cells go through fertilization. Since the DNA is gotten from the parent’s cells via replication, some of the genetic material is the same, thus explaining similar phenotypic features witnessed in the offspring. 3. Some enzymes assist in the breaking down of big nutrient molecules like fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Other enzymes control the tiny, broken-down molecules via the intestinal wall inside the bloodstream. There are other enzymes that promote the formation of big, complicated molecules from the tiny, basic ones to produce cellular components. Enzymes are very important in the creation and maintenance of metabolic pathways-which are ordered and discrete sequences of enzymatically arbitrated chemical reactions, whereby the products of a single reaction becomes the substrate for the following one in the sequence and so forth till the end. Substrate Intermediates End product 4. Molecular genetics at times refers to a basic theory alleging that genes control all life processes via the production of polypeptides, at times to a more reserved primary theory regarding the regulation and expression of genes at the molecular level, as well as sometimes to an investigative technique used throughout in biomedical science, on the basis of investigative strategies stuck in the fundamental theory regarding genes. There has been a proposal that the real idea biologists focus their attention on DNA and genes is because genes are difference creators that can be utilised in tracing and manipulating a wide range of various biological processes. It is this scientific practice that makes sense autonomously of any basic theory related with molecular genetics (John, 2010). 5. The lymphatic system is charged with collection of microbial antigens from their points of entry as well as delivering them to lymph nodes; somewhere they are able to rouse immune responses that are adaptive. An immune response results when any substance identified as non-self specifically if deemed dangerous is detected in the body by the white blood cells. Normally an immune response comprises of recognizing a possibly harmful foreign antigen triggering as well as mobilising forces in defense against it. 6. The identification of specific body fluids especially in forensic casework has conventionally drawn in protein based tests that exhibit, whereas cannot confirm, the absence or presence of a particular body fluid in addition to some body fluids like vaginal material or menstrual blood, there are actually no protein based experiments to detect the absence or presence of these body fluids. This necessitated a new technique for identification of body fluids; leading to development of a multiplex PCR system also called CellTyper that uses messenger RNA (mRNA) and is able to identify saliva, blood, semen, vaginal material as well as menstrual blood in individual mixtures or stains of body fluids(John, 2010). References John, H. (2010). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology:Enhanced E-book. New York;NY: Saunders. Read More