Levels of Mastery for School-Aged Children - Assignment Example

Children Studies Question 1 According to Clark (90), one of the strategies of coping is that children engage in more play activities. Most school-aged children (school) develop certain levels of mastery for their immediate environments. Their interaction with it to describe illness reasons even though they reason may not be entirely logical. At this age, the children usually develop a “magical thinking”. The ailing children could believe that they caused the disease through bad thoughts of through hitting others and not eating their meals as advised. Children start sensing the difference from fellow peers. On a similar note, their parents help them in allowing the children contribute to the management of the illness through close adult supervision. They need to reassure the children that are not their fault that they have such illnesses. According to Blond-Langner (45), children suffering from these illnesses go silent, (another approach at) an advanced age. Infants and toddlers beginning to establish trust as well as overall security senses often go silent due to the illnesses. They have little understanding of the illnesses. Most children suffering from chronic illnesses stretch to peers and parents for comfort especially in sequences of pain. They suffer in great pain, have restrictions in motion as well as separation from their respective parents as the main challenges they face in developing security and trust. Parents can come in handy to help them through availing their presence for the painful procedures and remaining with their respective children in all times possible. I am of the opinion that Bluebond-Langner’s proposal is workable as it includes during holding, and soothing, hospitalizations, as well as interacting with the babies more. The third strategy is reaching out. Question 2 According to Bloom (1999), the pathological variations for the environmental forces of childhood abuse, there are need to establish of both destructive and creative, extraordinary capacities. It provides for a way of fostering the consciousness development of abnormal states that the ordinary body and mind reality and imagination relations include memory and knowledge. According to Poza (2003), he altered conscious states allow for the elaboration of an array of somatic and psychological symptoms. Such symptoms simultaneously make cancellation and revelations of their respective origins while focusing on the disguised language secrets and their impacts on the children. The chronic abuse during childhood happens within familial climates and in pervasive terror. Here, it engages the ordinary relationships of caretaking into utmost disruptions therein. According to Coates (23), criminal behavior and violence are other long-term consequences frequently identified with child abuse as well as neglect on adult survivors. It is particularly evident for those having experiences on physical abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Any adult with a record of abuse has higher possibility of arrests, violent criminal behavior, and adult criminality. In a number of researches, men having histories of perpetrated domestic violence as well as child maltreatment (child neglect) and that of low family cohesion have an association with higher frequencies for physical spouse abuses. According to Herman (1992), through the witness of domestic violence (not physical abuse) during childhood, there are unique linkages to mental spouse abuse as well as trauma symptoms. The adults having histories of witnessing domestic violence or child physical abuse are likely to turn violent and higher involvement in criminal activities due to a learned behavior as an acceptable approach to responding to conflict resolution or stress. Question 3 Lewit & Schuurmann Baker (96), explain that child indicators define the victimization concept as well as the diverse reviews of data regarding various victimizations. They range from personal and homicide violence crimes to sibling and bullying aggression. Part of the major findings include that homicide rates hit a relative high to the infants as well as the young children dramatically dropping with the increase in age. It later increases through a rapid start of the adolescence rates hitting the overall peak of 17 and 19-year-olds. The official homicide information substantially undercounts the homicides within very young children and infants. After the under counting’s adjustment, the rates of homicide across the youngest children were the same in order of their magnitude against the rates for the 17 to 19-year bracket. Personal violence crimes, such as rape, assault, and personal robbery, are more common as compared to homicide within the children. Children with ages of 12 years and over encounter such victimizations within higher rates as compared to the adults. A concern is on the finding of the these victimizations rates among the children with ages 12 years and over that are fairly steady before the year 1986. According to Elliot, Hamburg, & Williams (18), 4% of the robberies and 7% of the assaults take place in schools. Between 1992 and 1994, the deaths in schools were 105 people amounting to 72% of who were males. This meant that the death rate on violent engagements was around 0.09% for every 100,000-student years. The death proportions in class and co-curricular activities were the same. The article observes that the youth registered close to three times less probable to meet crimes of weapon relations within schools as compared to those in the streets. Later in 1995, national studies observed that armed offenders assaulted close to 5% of the high school seniors within the school settings. Question 4 Yule and colleagues (2003) insist that the best way to protect children against armed conflict is avoiding armed conflict in the first place. Complementarily cooperation with the organizations concerned such as the authorities will be a critical aspect for care and protection of the children under armed conflicts. For separated and unaccompanied children, the specific lead responsibilities need establishment in the major areas. For instance, the governments are in charge for the tracing and organization of activities in temporary childcare. The role of all the agencies is respect to their mandates, capacity, and expertise in dealing with certain situations. All stakeholders seeking to work with affected children need to liaise with subsequent partners in the industry. While thorough implementation of the applicable legal frameworks provides considerable protection to the children, many conflicts have provisions of the treaty and customary laws as open disregard in leaving the civilians, and hence children, to meeting the extensive brunt of the war without protected. For example, even as starvation for the civilians forbid diversity through law, various armed conflicts illustrate it occurs anyway mostly where armed conflicts involve separatist attempts from a party. Similarly, while the law prohibits targeting of medical facilities and hospitals, in action, hospitals are the main targets and, in other conflicts, the Red Cross is also invitation to attacks. Unless these issues are engaged, the levels of child casualties cannot undergo reduction. Armed conflicts induce unspeakable suffering and all that is done towards preventing it as well as respecting the international law on child protection remains shaky. It is vital to intensify and encourage any effort geared towards tackling the conflicts’ including poverty, illiteracy, inequality, racism and the collapse of social and governmental structures. Question 5 According to Correctional Association of New York (26), family instabilities are compounded as parents shed their histories of incarceration. However, part of what is observed as the difference is the statistical significance. Children experience residential moves while both parents are incarcerated as compared to when only one of them is. The statistical evidence in this case among the groups becomes rather conservative while both parents are incarcerated for less than 5%. With the incarceration of all parents being a rare phenomenon, the significant differences become even more striking. Mothers have a marginally less possibility of caring for their children in good health if both parents were incarcerated as compared to when only the mothers are incarcerated. Cognitive differences and child behavior between the groups do not create a statistically significant outcome. A growing number of parents in incarceration raises concerns on the wellbeing of children as well as making the parents understand the incarceration effects towards child development as part of the social scientists’ primary goals. Family interventions propose the addressing of the needs of families even as they face various elements of parental incarceration like healthy marriage as well as responsibility for fatherhood initiatives. Irrespective of the increase in the parental incarceration prevalence, little is appreciated on the vast scope of risks that face children from incarcerated parental backgrounds. Geller and colleagues (23), address this issue through the examination of the economic, developmental, and residential risks exposed from parental incarceration. The identified challenges for the families across the incarcerated offenders are pointers of the point of incarceration serving as an identity to greater risks for instability and hardship among families as well as behavioral problems within the young boys. Question Six According to Elliot-et-al. (19), Child abuse from caregivers and parents can be addressed through the reduction of unintended pregnancies as well as reducing the levels of illicit drug and alcohol use while within pregnancies. It is also prudent to reduce the harmful consumption levels for both alcohol and illicit drug from new parents. The community also needs to improve on the access to quality natal services. The other approach is that of providing viable home visitation services through social workers and professional nurses to families in which children face higher maltreatment risks. The element also focuses on the provision of training for the parents regarding child development, problem-solving and non-violent discipline skills. Prevention of violence that involves children in communal settings can be achieved through programs on pre-school enrichment towards giving the young children educational head starts. It is also effective to equip them with life skills training through assisting them complete schooling for the high-risk adolescents. The reduction of alcohol availability through enforcement enactment and of liquor taxation, pricing, and licensing laws will be of much benefit. The government can come in handy in the restriction of access to firearms. According to Lewit-Schuurmann-Baker (96), The improvement of efficiencies in the emergency medical and pre-hospital care will be a critical reduction of the death risks as times for recovery as well as level of due impairment resulting from violence are eliminated. Any form of violence against children, especially child maltreatment, happening in the recent life is a problem and a significant risk factor to other violence forms as well as deriving health problems across people’s lives. For instance, WHO estimates lifetime impacts on the accounts of child sexual abuse are approximately 6% of depression cases, 6% dependences on alcohol and drug abuse, 8% attempts of suicide, 10% disorders of panic and 27% stress disorders of a posttraumatic nature. Works Cited Bloom, Sandara. Trauma Theory Abbreviated. 1999. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Bloom-1999-Trauma-Theory-Abbreviated.pdf Bluebond-Langner, Myra. The private Worlds of Dying children. 1978. Princenton Univeristy Press. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/03/Bluebond-Langner-1978-The-Private-Worlds-of-Dying-Children.pdf Clark, Dell. In sickness and in play: children coping with Chronic Illness. Social Problems And Inequality. 2010. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Clark-2010-Children-coping-with-chronic-illness.pdf Coates, Susan, Schechter, Daniel, First, Elsa. Brief interventions with traumatized children and families after September 11. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Coates-2003-Brief-Inerventions-with-Traumatized-Children.pdf Elliott, Delbert., Hamburg, Beatrix, Williams, Kirk. Violence in American Schools: An Overview. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/03/Elliot-et-al.1998-Violence-in-American-Schools.pdf Geller, Amanda, Garfinkel, Irwin, Mincy, Ronald. Cooper, Carey., Parental Incarceration and Child Wellbeing: Implications for Urban Families: Columbia University Soc Sci Q. 2009 December 1; 90(5): 1186–1202 Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Geller-et-al.-2009-Parental-Incarceration-and-Child-Well-being-Implications-for-urban-families.pdf Herman., M. Child Abuse. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Herman-1992-Child-Abuse.pdf Lewit, Eugene. Schuurman, Linda. Children as Victims of Violence: The Future of Children. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Lewit-Schuurmann-Baker-1996-Children-as-Victims-of-Violence.pdf Poza, Herman. A letter from Brooklyn. 2001. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Poza-2003-A-Letter-from-Brooklyn-September-11th-2001.pdf Stovland, Yule, Rune, Florence, Smith, Patrick. Children in Armed Conflicts. 2003. Trauma intervention in War and peace. Retrieved on 8th April 2014 from http://opencuny.org/childrenincrisis/files/2014/01/Yule-et-al.-2003-Children-in-Armed-Conflict.pdf Read More