1G to 4G Cellular Communication System - Coursework Example

Research and Report on 1G to 4G Cellular Communication System Abdulla Alruwaished EENG_7738_81 Wireless Communication Zhiwei Mao Date: March 25, 2014 Abstract. Statement of objective This report talks about a brief review of the evolution of cellular communication systems from first generation (1G) to fourth generation (4G) Project summary Cellular communication systems revolutionized the way of communication by people. It ensures mobility and communication are joined together as one. The mobile evolution has reached fourth generation (4G) despite the fact that third generation (3G) has not been implemented fully (Pahlavan and Allen, 72). The change from first generation to fourth generation ensures performance and efficiency is realized in the mobile technology environment. The first generation (1G) was all about voice of the mobile and it had limited roaming abilities. The second generation (2G) involved capacity and coverage and the quality of the voice had been enhanced. The third generation (3G) followed by introduction to mobile broad brand which was characterized by high-speed data (Prasad, 12). Multimedia facilities were also included. The fourth generation (4G) realized integration of telecommunication services, supporting fixed networks and both high and low mobility applications. INTRODUCTION Cellular communication is important in today’s life both in business perspective and personal life. People use mobile phone to communicate to one another (Prasad, 5). In business mobile phones are used to transact businesses in various forms either to reach the clients or to transact payments (Pahlavan and Allen, 21). Due to increase demand of mobile usage, the researchers have found a way to cope with the increase in demand. The cellular communication system has faced a steady but tremendous growth rate from first generation (1G) to fourth generation (4G) during the recent years. There has been a phenomenal change from fixed mobile to cellular communication telephony. In the year ending 2010, the number of subscriber of mobile cellular was about four times higher than the number of fixed lines. The mobile operators have embraced the efficient and performance service brought about by quality design of the communication system (Brand and Hamid, 61). The advances in technology and the shift from 1G to 4G networks and the service on network has become efficient and the impact can be felt thought the whole world. The first generation (1G) started in 1980s and it means analog cellular technologies (Pahlavan and Allen, 27). 2G means digital technologies; low speed data and short messages were introduced. The GPRS (general packet radio service) that was referred to as 2.5G was introduced. The technologies used in 2G were CDMA2000 1 and GSM. The 2G started in 1990s in Europe. The 2G changes to 3G by using a single standard under IMT-2000, UMTS, MC-CDMA and TD-SCDMA (Pahlavan and Allen, 31). THE FIRST GENERATION It was referred to as analog. The mobile era started in early 1980s and has experience a tremendous growth and significant changes. The 1G was based on analog system. In 1970s cellular systems were introduced which was a major leap in mobile communication (Hara and Ramjee, 15). The use of smaller semiconductor and microprocessor technology made the use of mobile system a realization (Brand and Hamid, 79). The common technologies used in 1G systems include advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) launched in 1982 in United States, Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), and the Total Access Communication (TACS) were in introduced in 1980s in Europe. Introduction to 1G saw mobile market growth rate to about 30-50 percent (Hara and Ramjee, 58). The number of mobile subscriber also rose to 20 million by the 1990. Specific frequencies to be assigned to specific calls were divided by use of FDMA (Frequency division multiple access). Figure1 shows a basic concept of 1G Drawbacks of 1G network Poor battery life No security Poor voice quality Limited capacity and poor handoff reliability Frequent call drops THE SECOND GENERATION It was introduced in the 1980s. Compared to 1G, it uses multiple digital technologies, such as Time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). The global system for mobile communication was used in early 1990s in Europe by 2G phones (Brand and Hamid, 89). Multiple digital systems improve the quality of transmission, coverage and the system capacity. Further advances in semiconductor and microwave technology realized this. Although speech transmission is still dominant in the airwaves, the demand for fax, data transmission and short messages is rising steadily (Hara and Ramjee, 91). Services like data encryption, fraud detection and prevention become standard features as oppose to those of fixed networks. The 2G systems includes code-division multiple access (CDMA), digital AMPS (D-AMPS) and personal digital communication (PDC) (Prasad, 75). The worldwide mobile communication came up with multiple 1G and 2G standard for different applications such as paging systems, codeless telephone, mobile satellite system, cellular system, private mobile radio and wireless local loop (Prasad, 85). GSM is the popular and most used standard and is the most successful among the standards. It supports 250 million subscribers in the world. The GSM include GSM900, GSM-railway, GSM1800, GSM1900, and GSM400 (Fitzek and Marcos, 121). 2.5 G mobile technology used General packet radio service (GPRS) standard.2.5G increased data capacity of GSM. Packet switching capacity was introduced to GSM and TDMA networks. Although packet switching is successful its shortcoming is inefficient in short data transmission. The packet switching has given rise to Internet and Internet protocol. Transmission control protocol provides reliable end-to-end connection. Drawbacks of 2G Weaker digital signal Reduce range of sound 2 G do not support high data rates hence unable to handle complex data such as video. To demonstrate the evolution of mobile systems from 2G to 3G, figure 2 will be inevitable. THE THIRD GENERATION (3G) The 3G enhance the 2G by adding feature like multimedia functions that allow application with video, graphics and audio. This is shown in figure 3 in the appendix. The introduction of 3G was to overcome the shortcoming of 2G and 2.G. The clarity in conversation was increased by 3G.The 3G were introduced with the idea of making the network standard single rather than the different type in US, Asia and Europe (Fitzek and Marcos, 31). The 3G services also known as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) or ITM-200 (International Mobile Communication) has higher data rate sustainability and offer a variety of internet applications. The characteristic of UMTS is standard and is compatible worldwide for mobile applications, 2mps rate of data, enables both packets switched and circuit switched transmission of data and the efficiency of the spectrum is high (Fitzek and Marcos, 45). The standards for 3G mobile network was formulated by ITU (international telecommunication union) and an organization known as 3rd Generation partnership Project (3GPP) was formed and its mandate was to ensure mobile system conform to IMT-2000 standards. The air interface technology for UMTS is known as WCDMA and its main components include Base Station (BS), Wideband CDMA mobile switching center (WMSC), Radio Network Controller (RNC) and SGSN (Fitzek and Marcos, 145). NTDoCoMo rebranded as FOMA (freedom of multimedia access) launch 3G-network commercialization on October 1, 2001. The cellular mobile system is circuit-switched type up to today. It mainly depends on circuit availability and by using IP address; the packet switched connection is available to any end point of a particular network (Misra, 56). This enables new services like flat rate, pay-per-bit, pay-per-session, and many more to be available. Virtual environment and video conferencing has been made possible by UMTS due to its higher bandwidth capacity (Prasad, 26). 3.5G supports high consumer need for higher data by supporting higher throughput and high speed of packets of 14.4 mbps.3G has a bandwidth of up to 384 kbps that is when the one holding the device is walking, 128 kbps when device in the car and 2 mbps when the device is in affixed place (Misra, 102). Drawbacks of 3 G communication systems Numerous differences in the licensing terms. Expensive input fees for the 3G services Large cells phones Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for new 3 G THE FOURTH GENERATION The 4G is an enhancement of 3G even though it is still under research. 4G services were initiated in 2010 but will pick up mass by 2014-2015. The emergency of 4G has been triggered by increasing demand of users and hence has put researchers on the forefront of coming up with the 4G mobile communication system (Prasad, 75).4G is able to accomplish multi-service capacity that is by integrating all mobile technology in existence. The transmission rate of 4G is up to 20Mbps higher than transmission rate of 3G as shown in figure 4. The objectives of development of 4G are; increase rate of transmission by 50 times higher than that of 3G, to offer virtual reality that is three dimensions and offer an increased interaction between technologies (Misra, 81). The other additional features that 4G offers include ultra-broadband internet access, IP telephony, flash-OFDM, WiMax the mobile version, gaming services, end to end protocol high video and audio streaming and generation of high data rate (Misra, 131). The 4G fundamental was to create a common platform for all the technologies ranging from 1G to 4G.The striking difference of 3G and 4G is that BSC and RNC are all placed to the BTS together with servers and gateways (Prasad, 61). Cellular phones are now widely used by a lot of people across the globe. The development of the cellular mobile communication system is growing at a faster rate. The cellular radio network is the most successful mobile communication system. Compared to the earlier centuries, the 21st Century is characterized by data transmitted over cellular, which enables data networks accessible from mobile terminals through cellular phones. From the 1G to 4G, the cellular communication systems exhibit various features large coverage of wide areas; Bluetooth and Wifi; potentially IEE standards 802.11 and many features. The future of the cellular communication looks bright. Most countries are focusing on introducing 5G on their network systems. The implementation of 5G will be characterized by; faster data transmission compared to previous generations; multi-media newspapers and TV programs; large phone memory, dialing speed, audio and video clarity; support interactive multimedia, internet, voice, streaming video and other, high speed and large broadcasting of data in Gbps. Figure 5 Conclusion The past decade has realized an enormous growth in use of cellular technology and this has been attributed to the increasing demands by users due to increase in techno-economic activities. In addition, the growth has triggered the evolution in of 4G technologies (Misra, 51). The evolution of 4G was an attempt to put all the technology on a single network platform that is combining all the mobile application technology into a single standard that is global accepted. The 1G accomplish a simple mobile voice, the 2G enhance the 1G by capacity and coverage (Misra, 73). The third generation ensures that a higher speed is accomplished and the 4G realized mobile broadband. The 4G technology has some has some concerns. The main concern is that of interference with frequency with secondary signals due to the nature of speed of the frequency, non-compatibility of the various applications and the high cost of I-mode mobile phone limiting it only to cooperate use only. The 5G is portrait as the future of cellular communication but to me nothing much will change but the aim will be to provide quality services to 4G Work cited Brand, Alex, and Hamid Aghvami. Multiple Access Protocols for Mobile Communications: Gprs, Umts and Beyond. Chichester [u.a.: Wiley, 2002. Print. Fitzek, Frank H. P, and Marcos D. Katz. Cooperation in Wireless Networks: Principles and Applications ; Real Egoistic Behavior Is to Cooperate!Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. Internet resource. Gharaibeh, Khaled M. Nonlinear Distortion in Wireless Systems: Modeling and Simulation with Matlab. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE Press, 2012. Print. Hara, Shinsuke, and Ramjee Prasad. Multicarrier Techniques for 4g Mobile Communications. Boston [u.a.: Artech House, 2003. Print. Misra, Iti S. Wireless Communications and Networks: 3g and Beyond. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2009. Print. Pahlavan, Kaveh, and Allen H. Levesque. Wireless Information Networks. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2005. Internet resource. Prasad, K V. K. K. Principles of Digital Communication Systems and Computer Networks. Hingham, Mass: Charles River Media, 2004. Print. Prasad, Ramjee. Globalization of Mobile and Wireless Communications: Today and in 2020. Dordrecht [etc.: Springer, 2011. Print. Appendices Picture 1 Figure 2: Evolution of Mobile system from 2G to 3G Figure 3 Figure 4 Read More