Reasons for Infant Deaths - Annotated Bibliography Example

Dustin Falk and Annotated Bibliography Ackerman MJ, S. B. (2001). Postmortem molecular analysis of SCN5A defects in sudden infant death syndrome. PubMed , 286(18):2264. This article presents an analysis of a study carried out on the postmortem analysis of the SCN5A in sudden infant death syndrome. According to the article, defects in SCN5A might be a causative agent of the sudden infant death syndrome. According to the article, nearly two percent of this prospective, cohort of SIDS cases that is population-based had a particular SCN5A channel defect, which suggested that mutations in the channels of cardiac ions might give a mortal arrhythmogenic substrate in some of the infants at risk of the SIDS. This is a good article as it is easy to read and understandable. Carpenter RG, I. L. (2004). “Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study.” PubMed , 363(9404):185. This article talks about the four large control studies that carried out to review this syndrome’s epidemiology, after the remarkable changes in the rates of SIDS around the year 1990. The writer states that the European Concerted Action on sudden unexplained death syndrome study was designed to collect data from these and some new studies to provide an overview of the risk factors for this syndrome in Europe. This is a comprehensive study that should be read by all. CE, H. (2005). “Gene-environment interactions: implications for sudden unexpected deaths in infancy.” Arch Dis Child , 90(1):48. The purpose of this article is to re-examine what we know concerning ene-environment and genetic interractions for the representative diseases of human beings, as well as the importance of gene-environment interractions to pathopsysiology of the sudden infancy death syndrome and sudden unexpected infancy death. According to the article, majority of the human conditions or disorders are determined by several factors, which include environmental and genetic components in usually unpredictable ways. Contro1, C. f. “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome-- United States, 1983-1994.” 1996. This article talks about the history of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in detail in the United States between the periods of 1983 and 1994. The writer gives a clear insight into the whole issue, whereby discussions are presented regarding how the problem is caused, as well as how it can be avoided, and how it affects the individuals involved in the United States of America. Cornwell, Anne Christake; Feigenbaum, Alan. “Sleep Biological Rhythms in Normal Infants and those at High Risk for SIDS.” The Journal of Biological & Medical Rhythym Research vol.23, Issue 5 (2006): 935-61. This article deals with the difference in sleep and wakefulness for infants in the peak age period for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome which is between two and four months old. This article has an at risk group of infants and a control group of infants. The study looks at the difference in sleep patterns and lengths of sleep and wakefulness between these two groups of infants. The article is geared toward a scientific community and is somewhat difficult to read and understand fully. Edner, Ann, et al. “Why do ALTE infants not die in SIDS?” ActaPaediatrica vol. 96, Issue 2 (2007). This article is the summarization of research into why infants that have had an apparent life threatening event (ALTE) die less often because of SIDS. The study had a group of infants that had an ALTE and a group that had not had an ALTE. The study shows the difference is not a large difference, but when a child’s life is the topic, all differences are significant. This is a summarization of a scientific study, so the audience is meant to be the scientific community, so the reading is somewhat difficult. There are a lot of numbers and percentages that the reader has to try and comprehend. Eron, Nancy B., et al. “The Physician’s Role in Reducing SIDS.” Health Promotion Practice vol. 12, Issue 3 (2011): 370-378. This journal deals with what pediatricians and family doctors need to do to help prevent SIDS. The study sent a set of questions to 912 pediatricians and family doctors in New York state and had a 23.5% return rate. Although the return rate is not high the results of the questions were pretty unanimous with 99.5% of physicians agreeing that certain measures need to be taken to help reduce SIDS. Most of the doctors agreed that they need to discuss preventative measures with parents of infants, however 30% admitted to not actually doing this. The study is geared toward anyone looking into what doctors do to help prevent SIDS, the reading is easy to understand and numerically based. Fleming PJ, B. P. (1996). “Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths Regional Coordinators.” BMJ , 313(7051):191. This article reports on a study that was carried out to examine the role of sleeping arrangements as one of the major risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome following a national campaign of risk reduction. According to the article, this research confirms the significance of some risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome, and also determines others for instance, side sleeping which might be acquiescent to change by informing as well as educating health care professionals and parents. This article should be read by both the health care professionals and parents. Getahun D, A. D. (2004). “Maternal and Obtetrics risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States.” PubMed , 103(4):646. This article reports on the study that was carried out to determine the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome among the singleton births in the United States of America and also to identify material together with the obstetric risk factors for the SIDS. This review confirms the significance of the several common lifestyle and demographic risk factors for SIDS. Moreover, it was found that placental abnormalities are risk factors for the SIDS. This article is comprehensive and easy to read, therefore, anybody can be able to comprehend what is contained in it. Goldwater, Paul N..“A perspective on SIDS pathogenesis. The hypotheses: plausibility and evidence.” BMC Medicine vol.9, Issue 1 (2011): 64-76. This article is a study of past research that has been done on SIDS. The article is a response to a study of previous studies and it looks into whether or not the previous studies proved or disproved their hypotheses. It looks into whether or not this is possible or if the studies, which were funded by taxpayer money, are not fact based but instead opinion based. The audience is to any taxpayer who wants to know how their dollars are being spent and whether or not there are facts being discovered because of these studies. The article is pretty fact based because it is looking at previous studies and examining their legitimacy. Guntheroth WG, L. R. (1990). “Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings.” J Pediatr , 116(4):520. This article analyses a study that was carried out to find out the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome recurrence in families, whereby two hundred and fifty one thousand, one hundred and twenty four live borths were studied by death certificates and linked birth certificates from Oregon for a period of ten years. According to the article, five recurrences were found among three hundred and eighty five consequent siblings, at a rate of thirteen per one thousand live births together with a relative risk of six. Guntheroth WG, S. P. (2002). “The triple risk hypothese in sudden infant death syndrome.” Pubmed: paedatrics , 110(5):e64. This article explores the substantiations or evidence for the triple risk hypotheses’ specifics, with special concern or attention to that of Kinney and Filiano. According to the article, the occurrence of prenatal is not a major factor based on the normal ventilator control in the infants who consequently die of the SIDS, and the prevalence of early deaths in the infants who are aware of the material risk factors involving bleeding, is contrary to the impediment in the prevalence of SIDS deaths. Jones KL, K. H. (2003). “Vascular endothelial growth factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome: evidence for antecedent hypoxia.” Medline: Paedatrics , 111:358-63. This article is about a research that was carried out to determine whether recurrent hypoxemia is significant pathophysiological mechanism that underly the sudden infant death syndrome. It was found that the concentrations of VEGF CSF are substantially higher in infants who succumb to SIDS. In the article, it is postulated that hypoxia is a prevalent event that heralds the unexpected and sudden death of the infants. This is an easy read article that is comprehensive about SIDS. Li DK, P. D. (2003). “Infant sleeping position and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in California, 1997-2000.” AMJ Epidemiology , 157(5):446. This article examines the relationship between the position of infant sleeping and the risk of SIDS in an culturally diverse population of the United States. The writers performed a case-control study that is case-based in eleven counties in the state of California from the month of May in 1997 to April 2000. They performed in-person interviews women or mothers of one hundred cases of SIDS, and three hundred and twelve, ethnicity/race that were randomly selected, and age-matched controls for collecting information on the positions of sleeping It was found that the infants who were put in a position of side sleeping or unaccustomed prone sleeping position showed a higher risk of sudden infant death syndromes than those who were always put on the side. This article is well documented, and has even figures for better understanding. MacDorman MF, C. S. (1997). “Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden.” AMJ Epidemiology, 146(3):249. Thia article makes a comparison between the association of sudden infant death syndrome and the maternal smoking between sweden and the United States of America and Sweden; the two nations with different levels of socio-cultural heterogeinity and social support programs and health care. It is found that smoking is among the most significant risk factors for SIDS that are preventable, and its prevention has the potential of substantially reducing the rates of SIDS in Sweden and the United States and most probably elsewhere as well. Mitchell, E. A., et al. “Prone sleeping position increases the risk of SIDS in the day more than at night.” ActaPaediatrica vol. 97, Issue 5 (2008): 584-589. This study examines the risk of an infant sleeping in the prone position during the day and at night. The study is in comparison to a study done in Germany from 1990-1994. The results were relatively the same as the previous study and it found that more infants die in the prone position during the daytime than at night. This is a result of the “Back to Sleep” campaign which encouraged parents to put their infants on their backs to sleep at night. The study is scientifically based and is geared toward the scientific community. The article has numerical results and tells of percentage differences between the first study in Germany and this new study. Mitchell, Edwin A.. “SIDS: past, present, and future.” ActaPaediatrica vol.98, Issue 11 (2009): 1712-19. This article tells about the path of SIDS in the medical community. It talks about how prevalent SIDS was diagnosed in the 1980’s and how the medical community has worked to reduce the amount of SIDS cases. The article talks about a particular study, The New Zealand Cot Death Study, and the impact it has had on the understanding of the causes of SIDS. It compares the 1980’s to the 1990’s and looks into the future to try to explain where SIDS research is headed. The reading is informational and easy to read, yet still scientifically based. Mitchell EA, S. L. (1996). “Soft cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome.” NZMJ , 109(1023):206. This article reports on a study that was carried out to find out whether the soft cot mattresses are also a major risk factor for the SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome. The writers fount that it is important to avoid the soft cot mattreses so as to reduce the chances of SIDS. Although this article is written in scientific terms, it is an easy one to read, and can help parents to a great deal. Pollack, Harold A. “Changes in the timing of SIDS deaths in 1989 and 1999: indirect evidenceof low homicide prevalence among related cases.” Paediatric& Perinatal Epidemiology vol. 20, Issue 1 (2006): 2-13. This article deals with the reporting of SIDS cases and the timing in which they are reported. The article shows that in 1989 the prevalence of misreported SIDS deaths was higher than that of deaths reported in 1999. The misreported deaths could have actually been homicides rather than SIDS related. The research that has been done on SIDS during the ten year period is a direct result of the more accurate reporting on the cause of death. The reading is very scientific and even includes the formulas that they used to reach some of their results. The reading is difficult but if read slowly and diligently enough, anyone can somewhat understand it. The reading is probably meant for the scientific or medical community as opposed to the general public. Stephens, Robert E., et al. “Anatomic changes related to laryngeal descent from birth to 1 year of age: Do they play a role in SIDS?” ENT: Ear, Nose, and Throat Journal vol.89, Issue 7 (2010): 313-317. This article is a study of 79 head and neck MRI’s and 111 lateral neck x-rays. It is based on the hypothesis that as an infant ages, their larynx changes and could be a key cause of SIDS. The study eventually shows that there is very little change and thus no scientific fact can be derived from their studies. Though this study did not lead to a definitive reason to SIDS, it took a theory and studied it. This study was not a failure because some of the findings can lead to other studies that may lead to more information on the causes of SIDS. The article is meant for all readers and is easy to read yet still talks scientifically. “Stable prevalence but changing risk factors of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in child care setting in 2001.” (2005). PubMed , 116(4):972. This article is about a study that was conducted whereby a retrospective review was performed of all the deaths related to SIDS that happened in 2001 in thirteen states in the United States. According to the article, propotion of deaths related to SIDS in child care has fairly reduced even though it iss till high at seventeen percent. Infants in the child care are not likely any more to be put or found prone and not likely any more to be on a sleep surface that is unsafe. This article is particularly important for the child care providers who are interested in knowing the trend of the SIDS. “Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk.” (2005). PEDIATRICS , 116:1245-55. In this article, the writer reviews the evidence concerning the prone sleeping together with some other risk factors as well as making recommendations about the strategies that might be effective for further reduction of the risk of sudden infant death syndrome. It is a must read article for child care givers as it is written in simple language, and with simple terms that can easily be understood. Thompson MW, H. C. (2005). Averys neonatology: pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. In this text, the authors talk about the role of telemedicine in neonatology, the fetal determinants of adult disease, the impact of delivery and labor on the foetus, conrtol of apnea and breathing and breast feeding. The book is excellently written and is enjoyable to read as it consists of a full-color insert that demonstrate the major symptoms and signs, selected techniques of imaging and dermatologic conditions. Willinger M, J. L. (1991). Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development., (p. 11:667). In this article reviews the discussions and suggestions by the expert panel that was convened by the National Institute of Child health and Human development. This article is very important for parents and child care providers as it contains some guidelines that can help them in dealing with the problem. Works cited Ackerman MJ, S. B. (2001). Postmortem molecular analysis of SCN5A defects in sudden infant death syndrome. PubMed , 286(18):2264. Carpenter RG, I. L. (2004). “Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study.” PubMed , 363(9404):185. CE, H. (2005). “Gene-environment interactions: implications for sudden unexpected deaths in infancy.” Arch Dis Child , 90(1):48. Contro1, C. f. “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome-- United States, 1983-1994.” 1996. Cornwell, Anne Christake; Feigenbaum, Alan. “Sleep Biological Rhythms in Normal Infants and those at High Risk for SIDS.” The Journal of Biological & Medical Rhythym Research vol.23, Issue 5 (2006): 935-61. Edner, Ann, et al. “Why do ALTE infants not die in SIDS?” ActaPaediatrica vol. 96, Issue 2 (2007). Eron, Nancy B., et al. “The Physician’s Role in Reducing SIDS.” Health Promotion Practice vol. 12, Issue 3 (2011): 370-378. Fleming PJ, B. P. (1996). “Environment of infants during sleep and risk of the sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths Regional Coordinators.” BMJ , 313(7051):191. Getahun D, A. D. (2004). “Maternal and Obtetrics risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States.” PubMed , 103(4):646. Goldwater, Paul N..“A perspective on SIDS pathogenesis. The hypotheses: plausibility and evidence.” BMC Medicine vol.9, Issue 1 (2011): 64-76. Guntheroth WG, L. R. (1990). “Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings.” J Pediatr , 116(4):520. Guntheroth WG, S. P. (2002). “The triple risk hypothese in sudden infant death syndrome.” Pubmed: paedatrics , 110(5):e64. Jones KL, K. H. (2003). “Vascular endothelial growth factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome: evidence for antecedent hypoxia.” Medline: Paedatrics , 111:358-63. Li DK, P. D. (2003). “Infant sleeping position and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome in California, 1997-2000.” AMJ Epidemiology , 157(5):446. MacDorman MF, C. S. (1997). “Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden.” AMJ Epidemiology, 146(3):249. Mitchell EA, S. L. (1996). “Soft cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome.” NZMJ , 109(1023):206. Mitchell, E. A., et al. “Prone sleeping position increases the risk of SIDS in the day more than at night.” ActaPaediatrica vol. 97, Issue 5 (2008): 584-589. Mitchell, Edwin A.. “SIDS: past, present, and future.” ActaPaediatrica vol.98, Issue 11 (2009): 1712-19. Pollack, Harold A. “Changes in the timing of SIDS deaths in 1989 and 1999: indirect evidenceof low homicide prevalence among related cases.” Paediatric& Perinatal Epidemiology vol. 20, Issue 1 (2006): 2-13. “Stable prevalence but changing risk factors of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in child care setting in 2001.” (2005). PubMed , 116(4):972. “Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk.” (2005). PEDIATRICS , 116:1245-55. Stephens, Robert E., et al. “Anatomic changes related to laryngeal descent from birth to 1 year of age: Do they play a role in SIDS?” ENT: Ear, Nose, and Throat Journal vol.89, Issue 7 (2010): 313-317. Thompson MW, H. C. (2005). Averys neonatology: pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Willinger M, J. L. (1991). Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development., (p. 11:667). Read More