Useful Cures of Personality Disorder Problems: Psychodynamic Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy - Research Paper Example

Introduction Since few decades, the usefulness of temporary psychiatric help for depressive issues is well known and experts have recognized it globally. However, with advancements in the field of science and related fields, methodical proof regarding the persistent nature of uni-polar depression has become evident during the recent years. As the result, psychotherapy study has witnessed a move away from evaluation of cure as a cause of improvement and reduction of severe signs towards studies that probe whether cure stops upcoming symptom reappearance or a persistent illness course (Neenan & Palmer, 2012, p. 192). Moreover, experts have indicated that the usefulness of a cure cannot be assessed sufficiently by calculating its weight on an “index incident” (Watzke et al, 2010, p. 99). Taking into account this concern, it is of vital significance to grasp possible incidents following termination of cure, and to adopt - for a quite extended follow-up phase - the usual cause of the disorder. Particularly, epidemiologic study has provided suitable information for the usual cause of depressive disorder, and supported by this study, a “two-year a three-year follow-up” (Watzke et al, 2010, p. 101) phase was advised to disentangle healing effects from the usual way of depressive disorder. On the other hand, it is an observation that nowadays, several learners as well as professionals of psychology are acquainted with the theories and therapies (Northcut & Heller, 1999, p. 99), but they find themselves incapable to use therapies in the actual situations. Although professionals recommend special contemporary therapies to their patients in psychological counseling; however, lack of data linked with origins of therapies causes non-recognition of theorists and consequently, lack of validity of the therapies resulting in wastage of struggle and efforts that theorists would have given to offer efficient psychological support systems (Sørensen et al, 2011, p. 437). In this regard, the paper will include discussion and analysis of the role of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral approaches that will help the readers in better understanding of their relevance, utilization, and most importantly, effectiveness. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Aaron Beck is a well-known American psychiatric who suggested Cognitive therapy during 1960s. Particularly, cognitive representation of Beck is a reverse model of Freudian theory, a result of Beck’s research in response to Freudian’s theory of depression (Morrey & Greer, 2012, p. 111). Additional study has proved that Beck highlighted “intra-psychic” (Craske et al, 2011, p. 89) procedures within his theory, and as a result, one can consider the Cognitive theory as an inheritance of the psychoanalytic theory. Specifically, concentration on conscious individual experience has always been an important way to understand special incidents. In this regard, ‘Individual focused theory’ had an inspirational part in offering the support of comfortable as well as moderate style of inquiring in the development of cognitive behavioral therapy (Corr, 2006, p. 201). Particularly, analysis of the literature has identified recommendation of cognitive theorists that advocate that brain generates thoughts mechanically to answer special real-life circumstances, and these thoughts cause constructive or unconstructive attitude of the people (Wilding & Milne, 2008, p. 212). For instance, two people may answer a particular occurrence in an extremely different way, so it is not the occurrence that happened, but the thoughts that evaluated that occurrence in a different way. Thus, reorganization of cognitive procedures was recommended with the intention that it can help distressed as well as dejected patients to modify their thoughts and bring a helpful alteration within their psychological procedures (Craske et al, 2011, p. 93). Moreover, an individual experiences creation of a feeling in reaction to a mechanical thought, and feeling could be annoyance, apprehension, hopelessness, grin, laugh, and so on. For this sort of use, Cognitive therapy does not permit patients to “direct the communication” (Fairburn, et al, 2009, p. 315), but attempts to investigate early incidents in patients’ lives that may offer an explanation of their cognitive patterns that can facilitate modification procedure of feelings, sentiments, and consequently, behavior. As individual focused analysis concentrated on three issues; (1) positive esteem, (2) understanding, and (3) communication, Beck offered his Cognitive theory supported by following three areas: (1) cognitive, (2) behavioral, and (3) emotional (Owen, 2009, p. 399). During the cognitive phase, psychoanalysts help patients in changing their thoughts by thinking in a different way (Sierra, 2009, p. 102). It was a perception that if an individual constantly considered the negative phase, he or she will constantly face anguish, and as a result, it was significant for a psychoanalyst to start a positive thought process pattern by getting an alteration in patient’s cognitive features. During the second phase of behavior, psychoanalysts recommend patients to implement similar strategy in their real-life conditions related to hopelessness, resentment, and apprehension; nonetheless, such procedure generally comes after comprehensive practice during the initial process (Hall & Iqbal, 2010, p. 33). Lastly, cognitive behavioral therapists emphasize that it is necessary for psychoanalysts to form an emotional setting for the patients, with the aim of appreciating their mindsets as well as understandings linked with various incidents. Thus, Beck suggested a three-phase procedure by means of his Cognitive therapy that has a fundamental and major part within existing psychology and psychoanalysis. On the other hand, critics state that it is quite complicated to identify the correct time to move towards the subsequent phase (Beck & Beck, 2011, p. 282). This sort of uncertainty creates unpleasant outcomes, as psychoanalysts are not capable to form better links with their patients because of work-related restrictions that are one of the key drawbacks of Cognitive therapy. Analysis as well as assessment of theoretical frameworks of Cognitive therapy as well as individuals centric study showed efficient results; however, critics have argued that psychoanalysts deal with several complexities and constraints in actual circumstances because of many issues. As a result, it is essential to conduct a primary research to recognize the usefulness of these treatments (Garrett, 2010, p. 154). In this regard, a three-year study was carried out focusing on around 5600 patients that received treatments supported by Cognitive Therapy, Person-centered therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. This study offered substantial as well as efficient outcomes, and a large number of patients felt improvement in their condition following completion of the therapeutic sessions (Beck & Beck, 2011, p. 282). As a result, even though critics recognized and showed different aspects and constraints of both therapies; nonetheless, the study showed efficient results of these treatments in actual situations. Major Features Particularly, evidence (Beck & Beck, 2011, p. 280-288) has indicated that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is comparatively short and time-dependant, and it is extremely educational in nature and training is an essential component. Moreover, it is well planned and directed with the psychoanalyst setting the schedule for every meeting in accordance with reciprocally set objectives. Additionally, it concentrates on the “here-and-now only” (Knaus & Ellis, 2012, p. 122) and ignores an individual’s history. Lastly, the link with the psychoanalyst is not a main point of the therapy Psychodynamic Therapy Psychodynamic therapy, also recognized as insight-oriented analysis, concentrates on “unconscious processes as they are manifested in a person’s present behavior” (Leichsenring & Rabung, 2013, p. 14). Some of the major objectives of psychodynamic therapy are to ensure self-consciousness of patients and an alteration in their perception, as well as control regarding effects of earlier occurrences on existing behavior. In its concise form, a psychodynamic approach facilitates the patients in observing undecided differences and signs that arise from earlier dysfunctional relations and manifest themselves within the necessity (Robertson, 2012, p. 102). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) attempts to modify conscious ideas and apparent activities by making patients more responsive about their perception and behavior (Sheldon, 2011, p. 192). However, significant research sustains the usefulness of other forms of psychoanalysis, particularly psychodynamic therapy. Actually, a latest evaluation in American psychology has mentioned that psychodynamic therapy is simply as helpful as CBT, and that the gains may rise with the passage of time. Particularly, psychodynamic therapy has its origins in psychoanalysis, the continuing “talking cure” (Lemma et al, 2011, p. 43). Similar to psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy identifies that the relationships and situations of early life carry on to influence individuals as adults, and that human behavior develops from both unconscious and conscious or coherent motivations. In addition, psychodynamic therapists have indicated that discussion and deliberation related to problems and occurrences can play a crucial role and can assist individuals in looking for techniques to resolve them or at least to tolerate them (Taylor et al, 2013, p. 299). Both psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy depend on the therapeutic grouping to function. The therapeutic grouping is the individual link between therapist and patient that permits them to function together so that the patient can get insight into aspects of experience that may be complicated to converse and reflect. As the therapeutic grouping extends, a therapist facilitates patients to appreciate themselves in fresh ways, and to turn out to be additionally attentive of a bigger range of their feelings, mind-set, insights, and experiences. Dr. Glen Gabbard, “professor of psychiatry and psychoanalysis at Baylor College of Medicine has called the therapeutic alliance the envelope within which psychodynamic therapy takes place” (Johansson et al, 2012, p. 440). Even though recent therapists often question the difference, it is helpful to consider that psychodynamic therapy and psychoanalysis are different in a number of ways. In psychoanalysis, patients normally go to meetings three to five days a week, while during psychodynamic therapy, a patient usually sees a therapist once or twice a week (Jarvis, 2003, p. 283). Therefore, the strength of the therapeutic link is larger in psychoanalysis. Both psychoanalysis as well as the continuing type of psychodynamic therapy may be carried in an “open-ended manner, over many years, with the patient and therapist/analyst taking as much time as they need to decide about the duration of treatment. On the other hand, it has been an observation that short-term treatment with psychodynamic therapy is time-limited and usually lasts less than six months” (Jakobsen et al, 2012, p. 10). While CBT concentrates on feelings and thinking, psychodynamic therapy supports a patient to discover and converse regarding feelings as well - together with those that are conflicting, intimidating, or not instantly clear. The concentration is on applying therapy to get emotional, and logical, insight. Preferably, detailed insight and deliberation allows a patient to think again about life patterns that previously appeared predictable or unmanageable, and creates the recognition of fresh alternatives and opportunities. The insight may lead a patient to feel additionally prepared to make alterations (Mace, 2012, p. 98). Psychodynamic therapy assists patients to distinguish and overcome deep-seated and often mechanical ways in which they stay away from upsetting feelings and approach (Koppers et al, 2011, p. 469). Therapy may get prevention into high relief, for instance, when patients call off therapy meetings, turn up late, or tiptoe about psychologically stimulating issues. Psychodynamic therapists reveal that such psychological maneuvers mostly involve agonizing conciliations among the desire to go to meetings with the intention of acquiring assistance, and the apprehension of what may come out in treatment. Psychodynamic therapy can assist a patient in becoming additionally conscious about these maneuvers, which are expected to manifest outside of treatment also, with the objective of developing further flexible as well as adaptive methods of surviving (Katona et al, 2012, p. 231). On the other hand, there is now an adequate amount of research presented to sustain the claim that psychodynamic therapy is a verification-based cure with effect sizes related to or better to those accounted for other psychotherapies (Huber et al, 2012, p. 301). Within the existing reimbursement situation, nonetheless, a considerable practical test is whether psychodynamic therapy will be economical in actual life situations, where practitioners differ with respect to expertise and understanding, and patients differ in dedication towards ongoing treatment (Holmes, 2009, p. 210). Psychodynamic therapy frequently deals with not only “transference, but also the psychoanalyst’s responses to the patient, often called counter-transference” (Lawson, 2010, p. 123). Such responses may reveal the psychoanalyst’s personal influential associations; however, they usually signify the “pull” (Lawson, 2010, p. 125) the psychoanalyst experiences to play out the patient’s relationship patterns. Either way, the psychodynamic therapist facilitates patients in knowing the way they chip in both to positive as well as agonizing association patterns, and the way such responses frequently derive within the self, still promote the tendency to observe the outside world - together with associations - as the special foundation of frustration or other agonizing feeling (Means & Cooper, 2005, p. 202). Psychodynamic treatment identifies that in mental life, the earlier period is usually prologue. Formative years’ incidents, particularly with parents, care providers, and other influential figures, form present-day attitude as well as affiliations. The objective of psychodynamic therapy is not to think about the earlier period but to discover how previous links and connections may offer insight into existing psychological issues (Alanen, 2009, p. 292). A psychodynamic analyst may work with a patient to recognize persistent patterns within associations, sentiments, or behaviors - for instance, being attracted towards a rude associate - to assist the patient in identifying them. At other instances, the patient may already be completely conscious of “self-defeating patterns” (Klug et al, 2012, p. 599), but requires assistance to know why they keep coming back and the way to prevail over psychological hindrances to making modifications. The objective of this effort is to provide patients with better autonomy to lead their lives. Major Features Analysis of the literature (Klug et al, 2012, p. 598-605) has shown that despite the fact that Psychodynamic therapy can be concise, it is usually consists of longer period, and it involves comparatively lesser amount of planning, usually with no training tasks. Moreover, the patient, not the psychoanalyst confirms the schedule for the meeting by discussing regarding whatever is on their mind. Additionally, it concentrates on the “here-and-now as well as on personal history” (Feinberg‐Moss & Oatley, 2011, p. 119), and the link with the psychoanalyst is incorporated as a major point of the treatment. Comparative Analysis Psychodynamic therapy is among the three key forms of treatments used to take care of the depression. The other two are “cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT)” (Stiles et al, 2008, p. 680). What differentiates between them is the area of their concentration. Both CBT as well as IPT are concentrated on knowing as well as revising some particular procedures or behaviors. For CBT, the concentration is on the way an individual thinks. Thinking from what an individual does and the way an individual feels and responds; CBT concentrates on recognizing and altering dysfunctional patterns of thinking. With IPT, the stress is on recognizing concerns and setbacks within interpersonal dealings and understanding methods to deal with them as well as to enhance them. Both CBT and IPT are also time-dependant, interim therapies (Fleming & Steen, 2011, p. 276). The stress is on knowing new patterns instead of questioning the presence dysfunctional patterns. Psychodynamic therapy, in contrast, grew out of the theories as well as practices of Freudian psychoanalysis (Blundell & Harrison, 2009, p. 241). Psychoanalysis is supported by the plan that an individual's behavior is influenced by the unconscious brain as well as by earlier experiences. Psychoanalysis entails a powerful, open-ended examination of a patient's way of thinking, frequently with various meetings during a week. The meetings incorporate an assessment of the thoughts the patient is responsive to and those the patient is unacquainted with earlier than treatment starts (Leichsenring et al, 2009, p. 880). Psychodynamic treatment is less powerful. Meetings generally take place once a week and are usually of 50 minutes. However, contrasting IPT and CBT, both of which have meetings that follow a proper, outlined arrangement and that place particular learning schedules, psychodynamic treatment meetings are open-ended and supported by a method of free connection (Grant & Crawley, 2002, p. 76). During psychodynamic treatment, the patient is asked to converse without restraint regarding whatever that is on his or her mind. As the patient does this, “patterns of behavior and feelings that stem from past experiences and unrecognized feelings become apparent” (Tolin, 2010, p. 715). The concentration is on those patterns so the patient can become additionally responsive to the way earlier experience as well as the unconscious psyches are influencing his or her current life. Another difference between the forms of therapies is that psychodynamic therapy is not essentially an interim, time-reliant treatment. Benefits Despite the fact that it is mutual, CBT promotes a more autonomous attempt on the part of the patient. By itself, it involves a smaller amount dependence on the psychoanalyst as compared to psychodynamic therapy (Houghton & Gray, 2010, p. 100). A few individuals may have a preference for this; however, a large number of individuals cannot meet its expense or do not want to go to continuing treatment and wish to attempt to utilize the more directive expertise discovered during a time-reliant CBT cure on their own. CBT is mainly excellent for latest start and comparatively restricted concerns or particular objectives. Individuals who consider psychodynamic therapy as a good fit “tend to swear by it” (Lynch et al, 2010, p. 13). It tries to deal with the basis of psychological concerns in comparison with CBT. By itself, the gains are considered to be “broader-based” (Lynch et al, 2010, p. 14) as well as “longer lasting” (Lynch et al, 2010, p. 15). Psychodynamic analysis is mainly good for anguish, emotional situations, and personality patterns or inclinations, for instance, frequent problems in one’s job or personal dealings. Drawbacks Whereas a number of individuals consider CBT useful, others find it objectionable, thinking they are being “talked out” (Castonguay et al, 2010, p. 159) of their feelings. A large number of individuals think that CBT’s concentration on optimistic thoughts feels overly superficial, lessening the significance of their individual record. Others discover they do not appreciate the way CBT “downplays” (Castonguay et al, 2010, p. 161) feelings while apparently stressing the rational as well as thought-oriented factors of one's psychological life. Still others think that they do not get the desired outcomes with CBT and find that while psychodynamic treatment is “more of an investment” (Castonguay et al, 2010, p. 161), it is more useful for them. Despite the fact that psychodynamic therapy can be concise, it is likely to take additional time as compared to CBT. A number of people individuals do not find psychodynamic therapy to be a fine fit (Murphy & McVey, 2010, p. 88). They may consider it tough to acknowledge that issues outside of their consciousness control their feelings as well as attitude. Others are hesitant to consider their early days or the association that extends with their psychoanalyst. Psychodynamic treatment is less controlled as compared CBT and there are few individuals who prefer the more dedicated as we all directive approach of CBT (Turner, 1995, p. 121). Conclusion Conclusively, this paper included discussion and analysis of different therapies, particularly, cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic behavioral therapy. “It is an observation after the assessment of both therapies that they have played a significant and pivotal role in the understanding of these two therapies that are still benefiting thousands of patients and clients experiencing psychological problems until today” (Butler et al, 2006, p. 19). The paper reviewed changeable features of hypothetical frameworks as well as plans of the two psychoanalysts supported by comprehensive research approach. At the time of scrutinizing the outcomes of interim psychoanalysis, research reveals, at least for key depressive issues, that return as well as relapse are frequent following temporary cure for depressive problems and that persistent cases are inadequately cured (Mann, 2010, p. 22). One recommended solution is to offer protection and persistence treatment with continuing medical observation with “flexible frequencies and patterns” (Kennerley et al, 2011, p. 223). An additional recommended solution is providing offering long-term cures as a potentially more resourceful as well as economical method to help patients to manage possible future stressors expected to prompt despair. Even though the usefulness of continuing psychoanalysis for common psychological issues has been revealed in one evaluation (Kuller et al, 2010, p. 4), and two meta-analyses (Oldfield et al, 2011, p. 15), studies of continuing cure with continuing follow-ups for depressed patients as a analytical standardized set are still needed. There is proof that both psychodynamic therapy as well as cognitive behavior therapy is useful cures of personality disorder problems. Because the amount of research efforts that could be incorporated was restricted (Read, 2004, p. 213), conclusions are only the groundwork. Additional research efforts are required that look at particular types of psychotherapy for precise forms of personality disorder issues and that employ “procedures of core psychopathology” (Oldfield et al, 2011, p. 9); both comprehensive cure plans as well as follow-up studies should be incorporated. References Alanen, Y. O. Chavez, M. G. Silver, A. S., and Martindale, B. 2009. Psychotherapeutic Approaches to Schizophrenic Psychoses: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. Beck, J. S. and Beck, A. T. 2011. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Second Edition. The Guilford Press. Blundell, A. and Harrison, R. 2009. OSCEs at a Glance. Wiley-Blackwell. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., and Beck, A. T. 2006. ‘The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses’. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 17-31. 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