Why did the Cold War End - Case Study Example

Contents Cold War 2 Beginning of Cold War 3 Conflict That Emerged During the Cold War: 6 Significances of Cold War 7 Implications of the End of Cold War/America and Russia during Cold War 8 War of Communist and Capitalist 9 The Nuclear Weapons: 10 The End of Cold War: 11 Why Did The Cold War Ended? 12 Mythologies That Miss-Guided: 14 Conditions of the Soviet Union: 15 Foundation of End- Cold War 15 Formulation of Us Foreign Policy 16 U.S as Super Power: 17 Nuclear Weapon Policy of U.S after the End of Cold War: 17 Collapse of the Berlin Wall: 18 Eastern Europe: 19 Economic Issues and the End of Cold War: 20 Reasons of Ending the Cold War 20 Work Cited 22 Cold War After World War II, the world became bipolar in a cold war between the two superpowers,Soviet Union and United States. According to realists, there are several reasosn which led to this standoff. The most obvious argument is that Cold War started because of Soviet aggression, or because of American expansionist plan. Moreover, it started simply because internatinal security issues left these superpowers with no choice.Irrespective of the reasons, realists believe that United States won the war through deterrrence and weapons race that bakrupted Soviet Union.On the other hand, liberals believe that Cod War started due to United Nation's failure to ensure collective security(Nau,2011).The Cold War ended through a slow process of communication, negotiations, and detente supported by agreements such as Helsinki Accords. From an identity perspective, Cold War started for values and common humanity and its origin is associated with nature of American democracy and Marxist-Leninism.The war ended only when both ideologies became less conflicting.The identity perspective stresses the influence that Gorbachev and Reagan had for deconstructing the war. Critical theorists argue that the Cold War was an obvious consequenc of specific social and political revolution linked with communism and capitalism (Nau,2011). The term "Cold War" does not refer to the real war but a state of hostility between the two superpowers, and there is no consensus on the start or end of this state.When we consider the Cold War as a single event between mid-1940s and late-1980s, we must realise that the levels of pressure fluctuated between Washington and Moscow.Depending on varying degrees of cooperation and accomodation, the conflict reached its height during 1947 and 1953.The relationship improved between 1953 and 1958 butregained momentum during 1958 and 1962 due to Berlin and Cuba issue. However, hostility was low since Kennedy planned a joint venture to tackle China. After that, the relationship remained more or less stable despite Vietnam War. During detente period from 1969 to 1979, it seemed to be the end of Cold War,however, it renewed the conflict between 1980 and 1985(Mclean,2011). Some schoalrs agree to divide Cold War in two periods, the "First Cold War"(1947-53) and the "Second Cold War" or "New Cold War"(1980-85).Regardless of this division, the period between 1945 and 1989 is characterised by Soviet-American rivarly(Mclean,2011). 1995-1991 was the most critical and significant era in the history of this world. This time period, known as The Cold War, existed between the two super power and nuclear nations of the world, US and Soviet Union, the present day USSR. These two nations were striving to have a unique and powerful placement in the world ranking. They had their laws and objectives set regarding economy, culture, geography, Commerce, and different ideologies that they wanted for the rest of the world to follow (Sheehan, 1952, pp.4-5).This paper explores the Cold War and the reasons behind its end. Beginning of Cold War After the defeat of the Nazi Germany, the American squad crossed Elbe River and met Russians to celebrate the victory against their common enemy. Both the nations joined hands for the common objective against Germany. However, in 1917, they mistrusted each other. The absence of trust between the allies was quite obvious. United States was more powerful in monetary and nuclear terms.Economic stability and arms race has to define the future of the both nations in future world. The confilct between them remained cold since both of them knew that direct confrontation would result in great destruction due to their nuclear capabilities(Sheehan, 1952, pp.4-5). Why didn't it End Earlier? The tensions between United States and Russia reduced at different stages because there was no consistent conviction that the war is in the interest of both the governments.Financial burdons of Cold War and threats of nuclear prolifiration promoted collaboration between Moscow and Washington.In particular, detente came at the time of American decline when cost of a continuous war became even more important.Due to detente , the end of Cold War seemed obvious in the early 1970s.It didn't end because of the opposition from several Americans, partially from Russian government's actions: supression of nonconformists within Russia,intervention in Angola and Ethiopia, and invasion of Afghanistan in 1979(Mclean,2011). Accelerating the End of Cold War/Role of Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan is belived to play greatest role in acelerating the end of teh Cold War.This international rivelry between Soviet Union and America cosnumed 46 years of both nations, costed hundreds of billions of dollars, caused the construction of deadlliest weapons reached its height during Reagan's period and finished within a few years of his leaving the office.The causes behind this extraordinary happening are greater than Reagan and span incidents far beyond his presidency. The origin can be found in the Soviet stagnation during late-1970s to early 1980s,and in the rise of Mikhail Gorbachev who induced change.However, the denunciation could be avoided if there was no external pressure, and this is the point where Reagan's role comes into play (Hoffman,2004). During and before the Reagan's presidency,United States went through technological revolution that Russia couldn't match.Soviets came under pressure due to Reagan's arms buildup and medium-range missiles in Europe, CIA backing of Afghan Mujahidin fighting against Russia, and Reagan's missile proposal the Strategic Defensive Initiative. Reagan also threatened Russia'a regional powers in the conflicts from Nicaragua to Angola and supported Polish rebilion movement.Reagan anti-communist ideas were quite controversial, but developing events revealed that he was probig the depths of Russia's internal weaknesses.He was well aware of the economic stagnation experienced by Russia(Hoffman,2004). Gorbachev's speedy ascension proved to be most critical moment that led towards the end of Cold War.Politburo deliberation accounts reveal that Gorbachev's selection was made due to aspirations of generational change and pressure of Soviet internal problems.CIA analysis revealed that Russia lagged America by 10 years,they didn't have a single scientific supercomputer and even the best scientific computers in Russia were slower by American computer by factor of 20.Within six months of Reagan's leaving office,the Berlin wall collapsed.The Russian demise stemmed from many things including Chernobyle disaster, rebellion in Baltic republic,and rising consumer expectations in socialist system (Hoffman,2004). Basis of Cold War: There was prevailing lack of trust between the two nations as they were having illusion that they might be destroyed by each other. This was mainly due to the past trends and both the nations were nuclear power. They had different ideologies, believes, laws and the ways of living and practicing the culture. Both the nations wanted to rule and dominate other nations and each other (Sheehan, 1952, pp.6-9). Conflict That Emerged During the Cold War: Due to this cold war, there were various conflicts that emerged in the society. As both the nations were strong and had nuclear weapons. There was a wave of fierce and fright. In spite of having a great investment on the nuclear weapons, they didn’t use it. Therefore, both of them stayed in the state of cold war. If anyone of them would have used the nuclear aid, the war would have been turned into hot war. The cold war covered a huge time span of approximately 45 years and created tension among the two nations. As an effect of the cold war, many young people lost their life as they were state of tension, trauma, and depression that is still be felt in many parts of the world(Sheehan, 1952, pp.4-5). Significances of Cold War The end of Cold War between Soviet Union and United States is considered to be the significant event of the 20th century. European will have their chunk in the common European home attained by the European Economic Community in context of EFTA, which will be declining communist dictatorship. The progress by each of the states will be dealing with the great penalties and they are working to re-instate the world as we have known from the termination of World War II. Both the states are stable and have nuclear power so the decline of the two nations is not that expected as the economies are stable and military is strong as well. It was a shared victory. Mikhail Gorbachev rise and position as the General Secretary on March 10, 1985 after the demise of Konstantin Chernenko. Gorbachev was the most talented leader and chosen to be the first one as he was educated after the Stalin period. He dealt and ruled Soviet Union with his unique ideas which were in favor of the state then. He reformed the soviet economy to give it a boost and reshaping to have a better outcome. He also changed the application of Perestroika and Glasnost during 1980s. The summit played a significant role in improving the state of the U.S and Soviet Union that was held in the mid of 1980s. There were fewer budgets invested on the nuclear weapons that enhanced the condition of the relationship between the two nations (Denitch and Denis, pp.6-9). Implications of the End of Cold War/America and Russia during Cold War The Soviet Union was focusing to reestablish the economy and generate products that will generate higher revenue for them and will give them a cushion to improve their economic status in the worlds market. With the termination of the Second World War, the U.S was trying hard to reestablish their powerful economy as at the time of war they had used their heavy and expensive nuclear weapons. Therefore, they focused on investing on their economy and have a suitable and stable state. The Marshall Plan worked in favor of resetting the economy. The industry boosted and the people were able to produce those goods that were in demand by the people. And this is how the economy progressed slowly and steadily. The USSR, meanwhile gave a budget to strength their nuclear weapons. During 1979, the USSR attacked Afghanistan to bring them under their dominance but was reluctant, particularly when the US and others assisted the anti-Soviet army. The Afghanistan army was continuously damaged as they were losing the war. The lack of responsibility in the Soviet system also revealed that there was increasing venality, with indigenous chiefs and their associates that were living extravagant lives while the ordinary people fought for the nation (Hogan, 1992, p.p1-5). War of Communist and Capitalist Once friend for a common cause, the two superpowers became rivals and this state of tension remained for about 46 years. Leaders met to resolve the issue of the cold war in Tehran. Poland, that lays in-between the two enemies Russia and Germany, was the hot topic that was taken as the discussion. The discussion was between the agenda of being communist and anti-communist (Arnold and Wiener, 2012, pp.13-14). Cold war was the fight that occurred due to different ideologies and the way of thinking. And each one of them wanted the other to follow their way of thinking. Soviet Union supported the communist hence wanted the U.S to establish a communist society whereas US was anti-communism. To strengthen communist party, small developing states like Italy, France, and Greece joined hands with the Soviet Union and become a part of communist society. U.S was supporting capitalism and wanted more states to be a part of them as the majority rule will be dominating the rest of the world. Now the fight was between the communist and the capitalist society and the world became bipolar. Both were taking the opponents as her enemies,they avoided direct confrontation rather used their allies for the cold war (Arnold and Wiener, 2012, pp.13-14). The Nuclear Weapons: In 1945, only US possessed the nuclear weapons whereas Soviet Union was not that strong as compared to the US. The US had the secret technology of the atomic energy that they didn’t share with their allies, and Soviet Union was curious to know that. Soviet Union was spying on U.S. nuclear weapons, focusing on gathering the information regarding the development of the atomic bomb.America identified their efforts quite early. Many of the military people were found involved in breaking the venture between the soviet union and the U.S. that is VENONA, and it proved Soviet spying efforts. The eastern bloc was concerned about this as they had a fear that the capitalist would use this atomic energy, and certainly, it's not in their favor. Moreover, the US was making them conscious of having the atomic energy that was a threat for them. So the Soviet Union was under pressure and tension due to this situation and to fulfill their atomic power, and make it stronger, she wanted to know the atomic power the other nation has and for that, she took various measures to secure her position (Arnold and Wiener, 2012, p.14) The End of Cold War: As there were many soviet leaders who led the union, one at a time, when Mikhail Gorbachev got charge of Soviet Union, the relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet started getting better in the midst of 1980. The summit was held that brought the two nations on common grounds. There was mutual consent to reduce nuclear arms to 50 percent, and it made people belive that the issue would be resolved.However, the summit wasn’t a success and led to dispute over SDI. On December 8, 1987 in Washington Dc, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was signed between the two nations for the elimination of the nuclear weapons which are destructive in nature. At the end of the year, the eastern bloc began to crush down. The border with west and the Austria was covered with a thick barbed wire by the Hungarian government and the Soviet Union was forced to stay aloof. On November 10, 1989, the great Berlin wall, considered to be a symbol of the cold war fell down. Many of the Soviet states declared themselves as independent. On December 8, 1991, the Soviet Union, the communist state collapsed. After 45 years, the Cold War was over and the power led in the favor of capitalist states (Prados, 2011, ch.1). Why Did The Cold War Ended? The reasons that led to the ed of Cold War is a critical topic of discussion in international behavior. After 45 years of indirect confrontation, what led to its end in such a peaceful manner?There are different views to this historical debate.Traditionalist argue that Reagan's hard-line approach pressurized Russia that caused its demise.The SDE was proved to be the final hope for Soviet economy that was already at the brink of bankruptcy.On the other hand, revisionists believe that even before Reagan's arms initiative, Soviet leadership was well-aware of the fact that U.S. rivalry was counterproductive.Reagan's arms program and SDI postponed the end of the Cold War and provided Soviet's conservative leaders with a leader who could continue this cold conflict(D E,2012). This was the war that divided the world into two poles, capitalist and communist. It was strange for the other European and western countries too. The Cold War induced tension and depression on every level,in particular, economy.There are several reasons that led to the end of Cold War including:Soviet deafeat in Afghanistan, communism failure in Eastern Europe,economic weakness of Russia,role of Reagan in accelerating the war,western economic dominance, and role of Gorbachev(DE,2012). Soviet Defeat in Afghanistan Failure of Communism in Eastern Europe Soviet Economic Weakness Soviet Union lacked the funds to support their ideology as their economic conditions went down.In 1970s, Russian growth rate dropped to about 3 percent which further decreased to 1.6 percent in 1985.Moreover, Afghanistan war became a liability with an annual bill of $8 billion and (DE,2012). The government scattered and no one was in favor of the communist state. Economic conditions took Soviet Union at breaking point.Gorbachev knew that they can't afford the arm race.Energy crisis, reduction in consumer goods,anemic agriculture, declining production in oil,steel, and coal led to the steady declien in overall growth.On technological front,Russia was far behind its rival.The military of the Soviet Union broke down. Nations like Poland or Hungary weren’t willing to support Soviet power and they wished to return into European majority (Prados, 2011, ch.1). The Role of Gorbachev Economic Strength of West The Role of Reagan Mythologies That Miss-Guided: After the decline of Soviet Union many myths came into the minds of general public. The citizen all around the world were not expecting this cold war to end against Soviet Union and the capitalist would rule the world using their atomic power. Soviet Union shattered on December 1991, the date that is known through the history. The Soviet Union broke down and the other main event that happened in the past was the collapse of the communism because western due to the strong economy and the military. Few scholars reported that it was just a myth that the Soviet Union lost its power due to this reason but one cannot be sure of it. This had a deep effect on the foreign policy as most of the people think that foreign policy is based on these myths. The fact to be believed upon is that the decline of Soviet Union, end of cold war after 45 years, and the termination of communist society are three different happenings that are not linked to each other. As these three happenings occurred in a sequence one after the other, therefore, many relate these three together and believe that this caused pressure on the Soviet Union and strengthen the U.S military and boosted their economy. This is a false believe as the cold war ended before the soviet union came under any of such pressures imposed by the western part of the world (Combs, 1935). Conditions of the Soviet Union: Soviet Union allied with many developing states like Moscow. In the late 1960s, American embassy was formed that was much similar to the embassy that was formed by US in Sofia. The embassy was located next to the center of the national hotel. Stalin used to see the flag of America from his office window that was in direction of Kremlin. The building was well built other than this; the work on the medical clinic, shops, hotel, and workshops was carried out. This depicted that the economic and the industrial progress started taking place. The military was well established. Law and order situation was visible from the traffic police controlling the traffic and everything was well managed. The Moscow security checks were too ridged as they check every person entering the state. It ensured the common citizen about life and security that prevailed in the city. There were parks that were furnished with the benches and to add the beauty they were decorated with the flowers. In spite of all this there was no match with the American standards as they were wealthier than the soviet people and lived much more luxurious life (Combs, 1935, pp. 28-29). Foundation of End- Cold War The era of 1988-1992 was very cruel to decide on the ending of the cold war, the war that has been led between the two super nations for almost 45 years. Many scholars and analysts put a light on this hot topic and somewhat gave their analysis that might be true .No one expected a peaceful end of Cold War since US was atomic nation and had the power but this really didn’t happened, the disputes were resolved and they formed a stable relationship that lead to the progressive state of both the nations. Actually the reason that most of the scholars and researchers belief is that US was getting exhausted of their nuclear weapons as it cost a great amount of budget allocation on the preparation of the nuclear weapons and she already used them in world war II against the Germany, therefore, they didn’t want any further loss and the soviet union was not in a good economic state that she could have fought against US. So the best option was the peaceful settlement between the two nations (Wohlforth, 2003, pp.2-3). Formulation of Us Foreign Policy After the cold war the things were quite settled down. The foreign policy of U.S came into existence after the end of cold war. Though making a foreign policy was a difficult step as the interests and the laws were not known. It was just like the newly emerged state that yet has be put into law and order situation to keep the harmony. From 1991, the patterns started changing and there were much of the development in the pace as the government intervene all the amendments that were beneficial for the future of the state. The US policy makers and the economist general looked upon the interest of the state to form a foreign policy that will be in favor of the welfare of the nation. As foreign policy is the extension of the domestic policy hence it depicts much of the international consequences the nation is facing. The policy enhanced the role of congress, presidency, media, and interests of the people, commerce, industry and all the relevant and related streamlines. Foreign aid, NFTA, and democracy promotion played a vital role. All of these together helped the policy makers to form the policy that is accurate and suitable. Not only this, it also allows to compare to other events and propose how foreign policy should be formed in the future prospect. After the formulation of the foreign policy, the state got the direct to move on with the future projects (Scott, 1999, pp.1-2). U.S as Super Power: 20th century is considered to be the American booming period. Since 1945, America has been a prominent state and enjoyed its sole position in the world as the super powerful country. The army, atomic power, nuclear weapons, and the economic conditions of the American state ranked it as top most powerful country in the world. United States involved and intervened in all the world wide affairs. US had the ideal placement on the earth as far as the natural resource is concerned. For more than a decade she maintained low foreign policy. Though, she started expanding its grounds during the 19th century that was followed by colonial run at the end of the century. Presidents symbolized rivalry revelation of pragmatism and optimism. In 1917, the First World War interference was crucial in protecting shared success, however, the US redundant the League of Nations and got back to segregation and fortification of the policies during the war period. The ultimate attack of the Japanese on the Pearl Harbor in 1941 gave emergence to the US into the Second World War, and once again, its involvement was critical in providing surety to the shared success. The cold war came to end due to independence and sovereignty in Eastern Europe, the inner crumbliness of the Soviet Union, and US artillery spending at the time of the Reagan government (Cameron, 2005, pp. 2-3). Nuclear Weapon Policy of U.S after the End of Cold War: After the end of the cold war both the wings eliminated the production of the nuclear weapons as the heavy amount was being used in the production of the nuclear weapon and there wasn’t enough budget left out that could be used in the healthier manner. After the cold war the production of nuclear weapons should end, just till the required security country must have during the war time. The production of the nuclear weapons caused the negative impact on the peace and harmony on the international platform. This policy of limiting the nuclear weapon was looked upon after the fall of the wall of Berlin that was the end of cold war. The Soviet Union, the communist ideology existed no more in the world. Russia joined Atlantic and became her partner for peace and also represented at the NATO. Though Russia and U.S worked on the nuclear weapons secretly and that is the reason out of 250000 nuclear weapons there two states posses 90% of the total. In fact, every year till present specific budget is allocated for the enhancement of the nuclear weapons; this is due to the mistrust that is still there. In spite of the nuclear policy there is still violation of it and the super power , the US still allocates heavy budget on the nuclear weapons thus making the dominate position on all over the world(Sauer, 2005). Collapse of the Berlin Wall: It was due to Ronald Reagan that the cold war came to an end without any big disaster. This happened due to Reagan’s forceful and dynamic speech against communism, the speeches that had offensive and ridged lines that really caused a deep impact on the listeners and the leaders of both the nations especially the communist state. Reagan ordered them to tear down the Berlin wall. The previous Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was the one who played a fundamental role to break the Berlin Wall. The policy of "perestroika" - restructuring - and "glasnost," made a way to shatter the communist power and that was the end of the Soviet Union. If Gorbachev's decision wasn’t that forceful the cold war wouldn’t have ended. He advised the east European country to focus on the economy and the political condition of their estate rather than spending time on the communist propaganda. Gorbachev celebrated the 40th centenary of East Germany by rejoicing in East Berlin. It was due to his effort and the great and influential speeches that cluttered down the wall of Berlin that was the symbol of the cold war and with the collapse of the wall, the communist ideology was over. These influential speeches led to the end of cold war after more than decade. There are various view point regarding the end of the cold war and a number of which contradict each other, few of the analysts think that the cold war ended due to the weak economic condition of the soviet bloc while others give credit to Gorbachev for his effort that lead to the end of cold war (Jeremy, 2004). Eastern Europe: The east Europe cold war began with the end of the World War II and with the termination of the anti-Hitler alliance. At this stage the three states, Great Britain, Soviet Union and U.S. had an agreement on the political postwar order. The Soviet state presented the agreement for the Baltic States and Poland which came under consideration after the conciliation with Hitler done in the year 1939; this was acknowledged by the Franklin in the Tehran conference that was held in 1943. This allowed the soviet block to take over Poland and the Baltic states. Stalin, give space to the western bloc to spread its power in some important places during the war time. Other than this he also agreed to the terms of the Atlantic charters of 1941 these were the grounds that will be serving during the postwar orders. There was a free choice of electing any one of these that where self-determination, free election that refers to the governments of there will free trade and few more in the list to be mentioned. Stalin also gave approval to the Yalta assertion in 1945 when the Soviet Union occupied the eastern bloc that would become the major reason for the breakdown of the war time coalitions in the year 1945. This was all leading a step ahead for the peaceful settlement of the cold war (Immerman and Goedde, 2013, pp. 174-175). Economic Issues and the End of Cold War: The intellectuals have defined two streamlines up till now that can be the reason for the sack-off of cold war. The primary reason that is figured out by the authors and the literally people are the strong policies that prevailed in the western bloc and they followed the strategy that led the war to be ended in their favor and the end of the nuclear weapon production so that the state of tension and depression that was felt in the international hub was no more and people can have the sense of security and harmony. Other than this the Soviet Union wasn’t that strong economically, people were starving and they didn’t had too much that they were in the position to fight against the western bloc and support their ideology of communism. For some of the historian and the intellectuals that analyzed the end of the cold war Ronald Reagan played a vital role and he was the cause of the end of the cold war so he is credited and appraised for that. Polices that were formulated by the president worked for his welfare and the Soviet Union was thrashed down. It is also argued that Reagan tenure and his decisions scrutinize economic welfare against Moscow and this brought the soviet ideology down and shattered it. Few of the supporters focus on the acceptance of bilateral rivalry policy in 1981. US ceased the Soviet Union to earn from the natural resources especially the natural gas and this didn’t allow the Soviet Union to be financially stable so it was easy for U.S to dominate the capitalist ideology (Immerman and Goedde, 2013, pp.59-60). Reasons of Ending the Cold War The capitalist state won the cold war and spread its wings. According to Skinner (2007, pp.15-16) they dealt very sharply and carefully with the policies and the strategies that put them into the command. The Soviet Union and its allies were demolished and the communist ideology was no more valid. The peaceful end of the cold war was a great event of the history. Cold war is the old war that had peaceful ending after 45 years of the conflict between the two super power nations that were at one time alliances of each other against Nazi Germany. The cold war began due to the mistrust between them in context to the nuclear weapons. However, after signing détente and various authentic agreements they played a false game and kept on working on the nuclear weapons. This led to the bankruptcy of the Soviet Union, moreover, US was powerful and dominating. They stopped the eastern bloc to have any financial earning from the natural resources that further exhausted the budget of the Soviet Union and led them to the economic crises. On the other hand, US didn’t want to have a nuclear fight again as the atomic energy demand too much of revenue and it is expensive to produce the nuclear weapons up to the mark and the required quantity at the time of war. So there was no use of having a silent war that only lead depression and tension among the society and stop the progressive activities that were in favor of the state. Work Cited 1. Immerman,I.,and Goedde,G.,2013.The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War.Great Clarendon Street:Oxford University Press. 2. Sheehan,S.,2004.The Cold War. Minnesota:Smart Apple Media. 3. Denitch,D.,1990.The End OF Cold War.Minnesota: The University Of Minnesota Press 4. Hogan,H.,1992.The End Of The Cold War:Its Meaning And Implications.Cambridge CB2 1RP:Cambridge University Press 5. Arnold,A.and Viener,V.,ed.,2012.Cold War:The Essential Reference Guide.California:Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. 6. Prados,P.,2011.How The Cold War Ended:Debating and Doing History.Unites States:Potomac Books Inc. 7. Wohlforth.W.,2003.Cold War Endgame:Oral History,Analysis,Debates.Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press 8. Cameron,C.,2005.Us Foreign Policy After The Cold War:Global Hegemon Or Reluctant Sheriff.2nd.Abingdon:Routledge. 9. Skinner,S.,2007.Turning Points In Ending The Cold War.Leland Stanford:Hoover Institute Press Publication No.358. 10.Scott,S.,ed.,1999. After the End: Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World.Duke:Duke University Press. 11.Combs,C.,2008.Inside The Soviet Alternate Universe:The Cold War’s End And The Soviet Union’s Fall Reappraised.Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press. http://www.cqpress.com/product/Nau3e.html#bio http://hsc.csu.edu.au/modern_history/international_studies/cold_war/3275/cold_war_overview.html#point8 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19040-2004Jun5.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19040-2004Jun5.html http://prezi.com/bzobqvdljwy7/the-cold-war-reasons-for-the-end-of-the-cold-war/ Read More