Macro & Microeconomics Essays

Macroeconomics a branch of economics that deals with the behavior, structure, and decision-making of an economy as a whole has made significant changes worldwide. It is evident that the widespread Ebola, the existing Russian crisis with Ukraine and the Islamic State terrorism will have a negative impact on the global economy in 2015.

It employs the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) methodology which facilitates control over unobserved effects that may be specific to a particular State. These effects may result from the joint endogeneity of some of the independent variables in the model. It is important that this is controlled in order to obtain reliable results.

The shrinking and aging of the population of Germany remain to be one of the greatest demographic challenges facing the country. With the lowest fertility rates (1.4 per lady) and highest life expectancy rate (80 years) in all of Europe, this promises to be the main the concern for the labor market in the coming decades. 

The author states that one problem with the public education provision system is that it may lead to crowding out in private education provision.The crowding out the problem can be solved using educational vouchers. These vouchers are fixed amounts of money offered by the government to families with school-age children to spend it on any school.

There are important distinctions between these terms which give each term a unique meaning. The invention is about discovery and the creation of something novel that did not previously exist. Innovation, on the other hand, carries invention further with the commercial realization of the value of the invention or the receipt of an economic return. 

Monetary Economic growth is generally thought of as one-dimensional and is measured by an increase in income. Monetary Economic development involves structural and functional changes and an appropriate system of the money supply. In the absence of effective measures, the latter stages of development are estimated by the growth of income. 

ity popularity and reputation, incompatible celebrity images and overriding popularity of stars over the product being promoted render them as ineffective marketing strategies. Celebrity endorsements benefit new brands by quickly establishing their credibility in the market. By

Important features for the inflation targeting are transparency of policy that exist and this is increased by communication and being clear on the plans and also the objectives of policymakers. Also increased accountability in the central bank

Indeed, the aspects of consumption inculcate a vast array of economic, social and cultural dimensions in which case it is more appropriate and worthwhile to focus on the topic as a single affair (Lockie & Kitto). In this case, the consumption-production relationship becomes out of the question as the separate models gain different analyses.

The countries have inflexible market structures that do not have a progressive record. For instance, many of the markets concentrate on particular goods and services. The sale of such goods and services is a rampant idea in the market that makes people adhere to the business. Incepting new ideas in the market is a retrogressive idea that does not bring out any importance.

Moreover, once the employment opportunities are created, the household income increases and people like to purchase more and save more. Ultimately the demand increases and so

The oligopoly market results when a few numbers of firms control the market. Mostly, these types of market experience a high level of competition from the other firm.

The demand for coffee brand A will decrease as more people prefer brand X whose price is low. Also, the supply will decrease due to low demand. b) Demand for coffee brand X will increase due to fair market price, while supply will increase as well so as to meet the increased demand. a). the supply will also decrease because there are fewer sellers.

The dollar has gained 3.2 percent against the euro and 8 percent against the yen. The gain creates expectations that the economy will grow at a higher rate than Europe and Japan. Currently the dollar went higher. The dollar now trades against several currencies at a four-year

Chicago is one of the cities in the US that still faces the same sort of racial issues it used to face more than 75 years back. African Americans face the same types of work and disparity in income problems, and it does not seem that anything has changed regarding the racial issues in this part of the US.

About the subjects, monetary and fiscal policies that were critical in analyzing short-run fluctuations in the 1970’s are no longer effective. Similarly, as concerns the environment, a key

The 2008/2009 financial crisis affected many parts of the world, although it emanated from the US. This shows that the global economy is actually interconnected such that a major shock in one region could trigger ripple effects in other regions. So, countries within the same geographic regions or with similar economic conditions have formed regional bodies for various purposes.

Generally, this paper discusses information given in an article published in “The Economist” on the topic of unemployment in America. This article is available at the following website: http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21596529-americas-labour-market-has-suffered-permanent-harm-closing-gap.

The scarcity of resources or rather the finite nature of the world as explained by Garrett Hardin explains the inefficiency of the invisible hand. According to the theory of ‘tragedy of the commons’ each

The paper was published in Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 3 (October 1960): 1 – 44 and is available from the CMS. A farmer plants crops in his farm in order to harvest them and obtain

Science and technology have put the poor in an awkward position because they have lost control over their lives and become targets of complex scientific practices (38). Science is portrayed to work in favor of the rich while keeping the poor immersed in their state of poverty. Thus, science and technology raised a crucial humanitarian concern.

Nowadays China is one of the world's top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign investment. In turn, it is investing billions of dollars abroad (BBC). Although China was a reasonably developed nation from earlier times, it went into an active mode of economic expansion after World War II, particularly in the 1970s.

The perfect example of a country that has benefited and still bound to benefit from international trade in future is Canada. The future economic growth and development of Canada hugely depends on its international

The logic behind the fixed number of firms in the short-run is that this period is too short to lure new firms enter into the industry if it is making a profit as there are a lot of setup costs and capital expenditure that have to be incurred to join this industry. This capital expenditure takes time which cannot be completed in the short-run.

This is because product development is a result of several challenging stages of invention and research. This paper gives an empirical representation of how IP

The author states that it is commonly believed by economists and the common public that the London Stock Exchange is as near to a perfect market as there can be. The basis for this belief lies in the fact that the stock and share prices in the Exchange are extremely susceptible to the factors of supply and demand in the market.

In his theory of wages and profits, Adam Smith stated that labor wages do vary with the labor skills, and ease or hardship of the work done (Smith, Edwin & Lerner). Human capital, as an investment, requires a cost and, at the same time, payment for any return over the monetary or non-monetary lifetime.

In 1970, economic discussions were dominated by oil price shocks and a rise in other agricultural and mineral products that played a big role in that decade. In early 1980 any discussion on alternative monetary regimes was not complete without the consideration of the gold standard and proposals for other commodity-based standards.

This applies both at personal, corporate or national level (Blanchard, O., 2000). I would like to say that the explanations given by

High unemployment inflicts significant social costs on the country. The social costs of unemployment in both the USA and Canada are similar in most cases; nevertheless, there exist instances where they differ. Long-term unemployment in both the USA and Canada creates numerous long-run social costs in these nations.

Market structures depict the difference in conditions or characteristics of a given market, which interrelate to determine the degree of profitability and competition in a given market in the economy. Different market structures resulting from different market characteristics include monopoly, oligopoly, perfect information, and monopolistic market 

The aim of economic structures adopted by the west was to industrialize the countries making them some of the best in the world. The goal was to recreate a platform for the realization of better economic and living standards for the people. Countries in Asia, more so India and China have shown a resilience that even the west struggles to grasp.

The loans have enabled the U.S.A to sustain its current account deficits. According to Summers (2004), the United States had a fall in its rate of savings and a rise in the rate of domestic investment. Nations with high saving

The high prices will make the existing firms earn a high profit that attracts more entry. As they enter, the supply of the cinemas increases to accommodate the excess demand. The result is more ticket sales in the market represented by a movement from Q0 to Q1. Increased quantity lowers demand making the ticket prices reduce.

The conclusion from this study states that geopolitics and economic necessities have been dictating the oil prices for a long time. Tight control of production volumes by OPEC countries, the worsening political situation in the West Asia region, the downturn in the US economy are all factors that are leading to rising in prices of oil and weakening of the US dollar.

According to the paper Monopolistic competition is clearly seen in industries such as banking, electronics, fashion and garments, food manufacturing, fast food retail, and almost all personal and professional service industries like hair styling and grooming.  There are many suppliers whose products are easily substituted for each other.

 For quite a number of people and even experts, the answer is yes. Or more precisely, the blame is on the requirement of mark-to-market accounting. In his letter to the US Securities and Exchange Commission or SEC dated Oct. 29, 2008, William M. Isaac, former chairman of the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

High prices motivate producers to produce more while it kills the morale of consumers from purchasing the products. Pricing system sometimes does not consider income inequality in that price of certain goods and services are always high

The debt stabilization process has become a key economic issue across many developed and developing countries. The governments of these countries use monetary and fiscal policies in order to stabilize the debts. There are major links between the monetary authorities and the fiscal authorities in the process of stabilization of debt.

Risk in product definition revolves around a customer not being in a position to provide the promised commodities, the fact that the customer may not benefit from a commodity or both. Further, the pricing of a product is done considering monetary aspect such that

The Hayekian theory was effectively applied in the U.S. from the 1970s, unlike in the period following the Second World War, when the Keynesian principles were highly influential both in the U.S. and in the UK. Generally, the Hayekian economic theory offers profound insights into the operation of the economy.

Brazil will host the FIFA World Cup in 12 cities in June 2014, and the tournament is expected to attract both local and foreign fans as well as security threats. To this end, the government will invest $ 855 million and 57,000 troops towards security for the duration of the tournament (Trevisani 1).

The financial crises of the period of 2008 experienced by the United States were caused due to the defaulting of sub-prime mortgage loans. These loans were provided by the banks of the United States to various individuals residing in the region. These loans were provided without performing any background checks and without identifying whether the borrowers will be able to pay off their debts.

The cultural effect of thrift on national savings is that as that as the working population reduces, savings reduces. As seen in the above graph, there is a larger concentration in savings from value 30 to 50. The age bracket of

Immigrants from Mexico are considered the largest source of illegal immigrants. Most of these immigrants entered US without proper inspection procedure while others who were temporarily admitted extended their date of stay. Recent research revealed that on the year 2008

Moreover, supply chain management controls the supply of products or services with the aim of meeting the customers’ demand. An efficient supply chain allows suppliers and consumers to share demand information that

Swiss franc plays a key role in the global financial market and due to the historic political neutrality as well as a reputation for discreet and stable banking; the currency is considered a safe haven in the international capital markets (Horcher, 2013). Many international investors, therefore, prefer to keep their assets in the Swiss franc due to its safety during times of international turmoil.

The macroeconomics concept that features in the article is the GDP in relation to the national income. The GDP is assessed from the perspectives of economic growth and the impacts upon the global stock prices. Alternatively, for the national income, the existing retail sales and gasoline prices are calculated to study emerging improvement.

This is a paper prepared for the leading furniture manufacturing company Ergonomics Ltd. Company need to diversify. Based on the SWOT analysis, BCG matrix and situation analysis for the company the appropriate segment would be the children furniture market. The new range of product requires appropriate planning at all the levels of the organisation. Detailed marketing plan for the launch of new range of products has been provided in the paper.

It, therefore, went on to pursue that governments are itself problems and not the solution. The emphasis is being placed on the market economies to be doing and working as an invisible hand to facilitate the social phenomenon in society. On a similar count, conservatism also believes that the governments have grown too large.