OSHA Standards Requirements for Safety Management - Research Paper Example

TOPIC: OSHA STANDARDS requirements for Safety Management programs your topic for Project 3 is: 29 CFR 1910. 213 – Woodworking machinery The woodworking industry has one of the highest accident rates in manufacturing, most of which are caused by contact with moving machinery. This accounted for 25% of all major accidents and one of last year’s two deaths in the woodworking industry. SAFETY HAZARDS CIRCULAR/CROSSCUT RIPSAWS These table saws are used for straight sawing. Depending on the blade, they cut either across (crosscut) or with (ripsaw) the grain of the wood. • Point of operation—Contact with the turning blade may occur. • Other moving parts—Contact with the blade under the table, or with the power transmission apparatus (if not enclosed), may occur. • Kickbacks—Stock caught by the blade may be thrown back at the operator. • Flying particles—Wood chips, splinters, and broken saw teeth may be thrown by the cutting action of the blade. • Nip points from automatic feed—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in-running rolls. Engineering Controls • Enclose the portion of the saw above the table with a self- adjusting guard. • Use a spreader to prevent material from squeezing the saw or kicking back during ripping. • Guard all belts and in-running nip points • Always guard the portion of the blade below the table. •Avoid crosscutting long boards on table saws. • Use a filler piece between the fence and the saw blade when necessary. • Properly support all pieces of stock, including the cut and uncut ends, scrap, and finished product. • Guard feed rolls on self feed circular saws by a hood or guard to prevent hands from coming into contact with in-running rip points. KICKBACKS Kickbacks can result if the blade height is not correct or if the blade is not properly maintained. •Point of operation—Contact with the blade may occur during operation, when the saw is idling; if the return device fails, or if the saw bounces forward from a retracted position. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in- running rolls of automatic feed. • Kickback—Stock caught by the blade may be thrown back at the operator. • Flying particles—Wood chips, splinters, and broken saw teeth may be thrown by the cutting action of the blade. Engineering Controls • Enclose upper half of saw and arbor end with a fixed guard; enclose the point of operation (the lower part of the blade) with a self-adjusting hood. • Ensure that the saw contains an automatic device (for example, a counterweight) to return the saw to the back of the table after the cut has been made • Install a latch with a rachet release on the handle, non recoil spring, bumper, or other device to keep the saw from rebounding from its idle position. • Use limit chains or other means to keep saw from moving beyond the front or back edge of the table . • Enclose overhead drive with a fixed guard. RADIAL SAWS Radial saws are circular saws that cut downward, either with or against the wood grain. • Point of operation—Contact with the turning blade may occur. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in- running rolls of the automatic feed. • Kickback—Stock caught in the blade or fed in the wrong direction may be thrown back at the operator. • Flying particles—Wood chips, splinters, and broken saw teeth may be thrown by the cutting action of the blade. Engineering Controls • Enclose the upper half of the saw (from the blade down to the end of the saw arbor) with a fixed hood. Guard the lower half with a self adjusting, floating guard that rises and falls and automatically adjusts to the thickness of the stock. • Make sure the saw has a return device. The front end of the unit must be slightly higher than the rear, so that the cutting head will return to its original position when released by the operator. This should also prevent the cutting head from rolling or moving the arm due to gravity or vibration. • Install an adjustable stop to limit forward travel distance of the blade during repeat cuts. • Guard feed rolls. • For ripping, install non-kickback fingers on both sides of the saw blade • Use a spreader in ripping operations to prevent the cut in the wood from immediately closing and binding the blade. BAND SAWS Band saws are used for both straight sawing and for cutting curved pieces. • Point of operation—Contact with the moving blade may occur. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into feed rolls or the pulley mechanism. • Kickbacks—Stock caught by the blade may be thrown back at the operator. • Flying Chips—Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the cutting action of the blade. Engineering Controls • Guard the blade entirely except at the point of operation. • Use a self-adjusting guard for the portion of the blade between the sliding guide and the upper saw so that it raises and lowers with the guide • Properly adjust the blade guide post to fit the thickness of the stock and to provide additional guarding. • Fully enclose the pulley mechanism • Guard feed rolls. • Install a brake on one or both wheels to minimize the potential for coasting after the saw has been shut off; or do not retrieve material until the blade has stopped. • Make sure the saw includes a tension control device to indicate proper blade tension. JIG SAWS Jig saws are useful for precision-cutting intricate curves and patterns on thin stock.Safety • Point of operation—Contact with the moving blade may occur. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in-running rolls. • Flying chips—Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the cutting action. • Kickback—Stock caught by the blade may be thrown back at operator. Engineering Controls • Use a threshold rest (slotted foot) to hold the stock. • Guard the blade with an adjustable or self-adjusting guard • Guard drive belts and pulleys • Guard the portion of the blade below the table. JOINTERS Jointers face or flatten wood and are primarily used to joint small pieces of material. • Point of operation—Contact with the knives may occur, especially if a holding device is not used. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in- running rolls of the automatic feed. • Kickbacks—Stock may be thrown back at the operator after being caught by the knives; this may also expose the operator’s hands to the knives. • Flying chips—Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the cutting action of the knives. Engineering Controls • Enclose cutter head with an automatic (spring loaded, self-enclosing) guard that exposes the cutter head only when the stock is being fed. The guard must automatically adjust to cover the unused portion of the head, and it must remain in contact with the material at all times • Adjust the cylindrical cutter head so that the knife projects no more than 1/8 inch beyond the cylindrical body of the head • Adjust the cutter head so that the clearance between the path of the knife projection and the rear table is no more than 1/8 inch • Keep the clearance between the table and the head as small as possible • Completely enclose cutter head, except for slot to apply the material for jointing. This guard can be part of the local exhaust system. SHAPERS Shapers are most commonly used to shape the edges of stock. • Point of operation—Contact with the cutter head may occur, particularly if holding devices are not used. • Tool projection—Knives may be flung if the cutter head is unbalanced. • Kickback—Stock may be thrown back at the operator after being caught by the cutter head. • Flying chips—Wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the cutting action of the knives. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in- running rolls of the automatic feed. Engineering Controls • Enclose the spindle with an adjustable guard or cage. For straight-line shaping; the fence frame should include the guard. The fence should contain as small an opening as possible for the knives, and should extend at least 18 inches on either side of the spindle. Split adjustable fences are useful for guarding when the entire edge of the stock is to be shaped. • Mount a ring guard around the cutting bit to reduce contact with the bit. • Guard automatic feed rollers • Ensure that double-spindle shapers have a starting and stopping device for each spindle • Use a safety collar to minimize the potential for tool projection. Power-Feed Planers/Moulders Planers are used to dress and size rough-sawed lumber on one or more sides. They plane boards to an even thickness • Point of Operation—Contact with the cutter head may occur during blade adjustment or other maintenance activities. • In-running rolls—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the automatic feed mechanism. • Kickbacks—Stock may be thrown back at the operator after being caught by the cutter head. • Flying objects—Work piece, wood chips and splinters may be thrown by the cutting action. •Vibration (and noise) may be produced if the machinery is not anchored to, and insulated from, a solid foundation Engineering Controls • Completely enclose belts and pulleys of line shaft with sheet metal or heavy mesh guards; guards must be used regardless of the location of the line shaft. • Cover cutting heads with a metal guard or cage. The exhaust system may be integrated with the guard. • Guard feed rolls with a wide metal strip or bar that will allow boards to pass but that will keep operators’ fingers out. • Provide barriers at the loading and unloading ends to keep hands out of point of operation. • Install anti-kickback fingers on the in-feed side across the width of the machine. • Use a barrier or guardrail when the machine is running. LATHES Lathes are used for shaping round parts, such as table legs. Two types of lathes are used in the woodworking industry: automatic-feed and manual feed. • Point of operation—Contact with the tool or cutter head may occur. • Rotating parts—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the cutter or the rotating stock. • Flying chips—Wood splinters and chips may be thrown by the cutting action. • Kickback—the work piece may be thrown out. Engineering Controls • For automatic wood-turning lathes with rotating knives, cover the cutter head with a metal shield or hood that completely covers the knives and material, except at the contact points, when the machine is in operation. A hinged shield permits adjustments when needed. • For manual lathes, cover the cutter heads as completely as possible with a hood or shield. • Cover lathes used for turning long stock with long curved guards extending over the top of the lathe. Such guards prevent the stock from being thrown from the machine, should the stock come loose. • Install a brake for bringing the stock to a complete stop after the power is shut off. • On hand-fed lathes, guard the tool and point of operation with a plexiglass tool guard. • Enclose the power transmission with a fixed guard SANDERS Sanders finish stock by using a coated abrasive surface to remove material. • Point of operation—Contact with disc or drum may occur. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hands, or hair may get caught by and pulled into the in-running rolls on automatic sanders or sanding belts. • Flying chips—Wood splinters and chips may be thrown from the sanding action. Engineering Controls • Guard feed rolls with a semi-cylindrical guard to prevent the operator’s hands from coming in contact with the in-running rolls on automatic sanders. The guard design must allow for adjustment to any thickness of stock. • Guard the unused run of the sanding belt against accidental contact. These guards must prevent the operator’s hands or fingers from coming in contact with nip points. • Enclose drum and disc sanders with guards, except for the portion of the sander’s drum above the table. The guard can consist of a protective cover at the rear side of the wheel and a hinged cover around the wheel periphery. • Enclose power transmission pulleys with a fixed guard. ROUTERS Routers are used for such purposes as cutting and shaping decorative pieces, making frame and panel doors, and milling moldings. Operators may be injured from inadvertent contact with the rotating tool when handling the stock or removing scrap from the table. Kickback is another common source of injury among router operators. Kickback may be caused by poor-quality lumber (i.e., if the stock breaks) or incorrect work method, such as feeding the stock into the tool too abruptly or in the wrong direction, or poorly fixing the stock to the template. Projection of tools can severely injure or kill router operators. Tools can be flung from the cutter head if they are poorly fastened in the tool holder, if the wrong tool is used, or if the tool speed is too high. Equip routers with a spindle braking system that gradually engages. • Guard feed rolls. TENONING MACHINES Tenoning machines use cutter heads and/or saw blades to form projections (tenons) on pieces of stock. • Point of operation—Contact with cutter head or saw blade may occur. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into the in-running rolls of the automatic feed. • Flying chips—Wood splinters and chips may be thrown by the cutting action. • Kickbacks—Stock may be thrown back at the operator after being caught by the cutter head or saw blade. Engineering Controls • Enclose feed chains and sprockets of double end machines, except for the portion of the chain conveying stock . • The cutting head and saws must be guarded with metal guards. Cover the unused part of the periphery of the cutting head. If an exhaust system is used, the guard must form part of the exhaust system BORING MACHINE Boring and mortising machines use boring bits or mortising chains to cut cavities in pieces of stock. • Point of operation—Contact with the boring bit or mortising chain may occur. • Rotating parts—Clothing or hair may be caught on rotating boring bit or mortising chain. • In-running nip points—Clothing, hair, or hands may be caught by and pulled into in- running rolls of automatic feed. • Flying chips—Woods chips and splinters may be thrown by the cutting action. • Kickbacks—Stock may be thrown back at operator. Engineering Controls • Use safety bit chucks with no projecting screws. • Enclose boring bits with a guard that encloses the bit and chuck above the material being worked. • Enclose the top of the cutting chain and driving mechanism. • If a counterweight is used, prevent it from dropping by bolting it to the bar or attaching a safety chain to it. • Cover operating treadles with inverted U-shaped guard to prevent accidental tripping. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS Electrical hazards include electrocution, fire, or explosions. Even slight shocks can lead to injury or death. Controls for Electrical Hazards • All of the metal framework on electrically driven machines must be grounded, including the motor, motor casing, legs, and frame. This includes other equipment such as lights that may be mounted on the machine. • All circuit breakers and fuse boxes must be labeled to indicate their purpose—that is, what area of the plant they power or protect. Appropriately rated fuses must be used. All unused holes in electric boxes must be covered. • Electrical cords, cables, and plugs must be kept in good repair. Flexible cords and cables must be fastened so that there is no direct pull on joints or terminal screws. Cords and cables must be free of splices and must not run through windows, doorways, or holes in the wall. • Junction boxes, outlets, switches, and fittings must be covered. • All electrical components must be approved by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory for the specific location where the equipment will be used. • All machines must have a main power disconnect for lockout/tagout. FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES • Fire-resistant construction and/or fire-resistant materials (particularly fire doors that could be used to contain the spread of a fire). • Explosion relief devices, such as blow-out panels in walls, floors, and ceilings that protect structural integrity in the event of an explosion. • Multiple emergency exits that are well marked and easily accessible. These exits should lead people directly away from the areas of greatest likely hazard. • Emergency alarms and communications systems to promote rapid evacuation and fire fighting response. • Automatic sprinkler systems designed for a worst-case fire scenario. • Readily accessible, portable fire extinguishers fully charged with fire retardants appropriate to the types of fires likely to occur in that area. • Install an alarm system to warn for necessary action or safe escape. • Establish emergency plans and fire prevention plans • Install battery-operated emergency lighting along the floor to aid in the evacuation of smoke- filled buildings. • Store fire-retardant blankets, clothing, and masks in areas where workers could conceivably need them to pass through smoke and flames to reach exits. • Maintain first-aid kits designed for the initial treatment of burns and smoke inhalation. These kits should be stored outside the area of fire risk. WOOD DUST-Engineering Controls The primary method of controlling wood dust is with local exhaust ventilation (LEV). NOISE CONTROL Three basic approaches to controlling noise: noise source controls, noise path controls, and hearing protection. Every effort should be made to both quiet the sources and dampen the resonant pathways of transmission. Effective path controls involve isolating, blocking, diverting, absorbing, or otherwise reducing noise intensity before it reaches your employees’ ears. Hearing protection devices should be worn by your employees as the final line of defense against noise hazards. VIBRATION-Engineering Controls Vibration isolators or damping techniques on equipment offer the most effective protection. Isolate machine vibrations from the surface if it is mounted or by use of vibration isolation mounts. PPE Items Typically Used in the Woodworking Industry • Hard hats • Safety glasses, goggles, and face shields • Gloves (including chemically protective gloves) • Padded kickback aprons; vests; and arm, groin, and leg guards • Lower-back supports • Steel-shanked, steel-toed safety shoes with slip-resistant soles • Earplugs and earmuffs • Particulate-resistant and/or chemically resistant overalls • Respirators . CHEMICALS USED IN FINISHING-Hazard control • When feasible, use automated systems for applying coatings and adhesives. Automated systems should be ventilated. • Substitute the traditional solvent-based coatings and adhesives with coatings and adhesives that are less toxic. Hot melt, heat seal, aqueous based, and polyvinyl acetate adhesives are good, less-toxic alternatives to solvent-based adhesives. • Provide adequate local exhaust ventilation for all coating and gluing processes. This includes manual spray, rolling, and brushing operations; automated coating processes, and dips coating. Manual spray operations should be performed in a spray booth or a separate, ventilated spray area. Dip coating should be ventilated with an enclosure or capture hood. References OSHA Standards, Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1910, 1910.213—Woodworking machinery requirements A Guide for Protecting Workers from Woodworking Hazards, Small Business Safety Management Series, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA 3157,1999. Control of Wood Dust from Shapers, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-122. Control of Wood Dust from Automated Routers, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-123. Control of Wood Dust from Large Diameter Disc Sanders, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-124. Control of Wood Dust from Random Orbital Hand Sanders, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-125. Control of Wood Dust from Orbital Hand Sanders, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-126. Control of Wood Dust from Table Saws, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 96-127. Hampl, V. 1982. Development of Criteria for Control of Woodworking Operation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. July. Read More