Archetype of Winston Churchill - Research Paper Example

 Abstract In his life, Winston Churchill personified several archetypes. Archetypes are the old patterns of personality; they display a shared heritage of the human race. An analysis of his archetypal assimilations indicates that they reasonably stagnated from ancient times to the current times. They remain at a constant state throughout all times of his life and cultures in the conscious and unconscious parts of human minds. They are found entirely in almost all pieces of literature. Winston Churchill has a responsibility of understanding the archetypal forces in order to maintain the relevance of the archetypes especially the polarized ones. A person is entitled to understand archetypes from the ancient types to the modern types. Archetypes have the ability to initiate change especially when used under exaggerated forums. In order to explain the change archetypes can bring to the community, the paper focuses on analyzing Winston Churchill’s archetypal characteristics. It evaluates the effects these characters under archetypal assimilations have in the modern ways of life. Introduction The paper focuses on the villain archetypal character of Winston Churchill. Archetypes especially those polarizing ones have (examples being the Winston as the hero and or the villain) have continued to serve the community or the intended audiences of literature well. The archetype’s influence will depend with the indented audience. For instance, Winston Churchill’s archetypal assimilations have a wide reach among the American audience. In order to ultimately prove that the archetypes, especially the polarized ones have an impact in the daily life of their readers, the paper assimilates two types of archetypal characteristics of Winston Churchill stories (Elber 97). The two characters are a perfect example of patterns in the ancient world but living in the modern world. Researchers indicate that in every good story, there is a reflection of the total human story. Several factors attribute to the villain and heroism characters of Winston Churchill. Among these factors is the universal human condition of being born into the world, the facts of growth, learning experiences, the struggles to become an individual and the last process attributed as death. Enough evidence that points out that the archetypes serve us well. One of the evidences is through mass media. Every commercial or every program aired in the TVs has an archetypal character. There are many instances where archetypes are used as heroes in the modern world with regards to the Winston Churchill archetypal assimilations. Heroism is a word that is used to help the people in positive forums. In the ancient and the modern days, the hero had several obligations and still serves several obligations. He is responsible for incorporation of separate parts of himself to become a true self (Elber 99). In most cases, the audiences are always invited to identify with the hero. Heroism serves as evidence that archetypes serve the modern generation in a proper manner. Within the functions of an archetype, there exists a herald. The herald is responsible for issuing challenges and announcing the coming of significant change. They introduce a change that changes the hero’s situation for an extended time. There exist mentors who play the role of motivating heroes and inspiring their heroism to the audiences. They also offer training to the heroes. They are seen to be inspired by divine wisdom. Archetypes usage (Winston Churchill) Archetypes stories are demonstrated in many of our daily lives. They assume many forms of characteristics in order to suit their purported use at an appropriate method (Morrison 111). Their main aim is to reveal characteristics of the particular kind of a person presented by the archetype in use such as heroic deeds of Winston Churchill. The character is what is used to display stereotypical characteristics in a person hence creating a particular personality, behavior and attitude regardless of their first insinuations to the audiences (Willis 38). In the current modern times, character archetypes are commonly used by writers and filmmakers so that they can facilitate presentation of the story in an easily understandable manner. They retrieve the archetypal aspects from the old types and modernize them to the current times. According to the traditional archetypes, the hero character archetype was used in many books and films in order to demonstrate the valued cultural characteristics and the magnified form of the cultural dynamics (Morrison 112). For example, the ancient hero in an American and according to Winston Churchill archetype served very critical roles by enhancing dynamic and positive characteristics of archetypes. An example of dynamic and positive characteristics is strength, patriotism, and a greater tendency towards resolving issues through physical means. They were displayed in such a manner that suggested they often strived to complete an action or particular quest in a bid to defeat evil (Willis 40). From the Churchill’s archetype, he was a hero in many ways. One of which he stood in every war that confronted him and fought to his best. He engaged in many wars in order to protect Britain. Even so, he can only be seen as a villain and not a hero. Within the archetypal characteristics of Winston Churchill, there emerge other forms of archetypes such as the innocent. The innocent archetypes were used in order to display a particular character that stipulated the naivety of innocent community members and how little they are concerned in rooting evil in the world. The innocent archetypes comprised of young members of the community who lacked even the basic skills in the daily lives they lived. In the ancient times, these types of archetypes were more prone to human suffering at the hands of others. For example, a female, young and inexperienced may face the harsh reality and painful experiences of the world when she leaves her home to get married at an early age (Willis 43). Under the Winston time, there were many wars going on in the world that were mostly stirred by politics. People suffered under these wars especially mothers and small children. The Winston’s reign used bombs and gas to acquire power from other rivals under the directorship of Winston Churchill (Dockter 10). These actions lead to human suffering hence the creation of the innocent archetypes. These archetypes are common phenomena under the current world. In most areas where there are political issues that lead to a destabilized peace existence there will always be casualties. These casualties are a reflection of the innocent archetypes as presented by the Winston Churchill’s case study. The villain archetypes are the archetype that assumes evil characteristics in the planned sceneries. They are made to possess certain characteristics that facilitate the villainy character in an outright manner (Morrison 113). They are created to be self-centered, power hungry monsters, and they only care about their own agendas such as personal goals and they usually accomplish these goals at the cost of others. In the modern world, these types of archetypes are portrayed in many forms and many forums (Willis 43). The film industry and the writing industry have inculcated all the forms of villainy characters to display the evil deeds of certain people or groups of people. For example, power hungry politicians who assassinate their opponents directly or indirectly in order to gain the powers associated (Fischoff 180). According to Winston Churchill, the villain archetype is one of the most perfected archetypes of his stories. For example, he demonstrated a villainy character as observed on the racial supremacist. By the year 1937, Winston Churchill had taken a step further cultivating villainy characters by not regarding the people of his captured subjects as equal beings. He stipulated that he did not agree that he did not agree that the dog in the manger has the final rights to the manger regardless of the period it has lain in the manger. This was a metaphorical statement that was used in speaking against the red Indians of America and the black people of America. He stated that it was very justified for the Britain race to come and occupy all the possessions of the Indians and the black people from Australia. His villain is seen when he supports the wrong doings that face these people sighting that it is justified because these people belonged to a lesser race (Dockter 11). His villain archetype is also seen when he quotes that one war is not enough. This illustrated his disregard for human life. He is even seen to not only disregard human life on foreigners but also the native British people. In the modern life, these archetypal characteristics are seen in many of the world leaders in diverse elements. The villainy archetype as demonstrated by the Winston Churchill case led to the formation of the sage archetypes. The sage archetypes are the types displayed to be wise and most of the times they assume an old age. They help the heroes in their quests. They are portrayed to be living in secluded environments from other people. Traditional archetypes are described in many books by different methods. Most studies have adopted the Jung definitions which include more than 30 types of characters assimilated by additionally traditional archetypes (Morrison 120). Churchill’s villain archetypal characteristics are also seen on his endeavors to develop chemical weapons. He suggested that the weapons be used against recalcitrant Arabs in order to carry out an experiment to determine whether they are effective. He is a believer in his intends such that he dismisses all the objections that stipulate the act as unreasonable. He further stipulates that he is strongly in favor of administering the chemical weapons against uncivilized tribes. According to the modern interpretation of the above, the Arabs needed to be shocked and awed. The best way for the activity was to be gassing those using poisonous substances. The archetypal character of a villain is witnessed under this statement especially bearing in mind that it was said just after the First World War. Winston did not give a consideration of the Geneva ban on such weapons (Dockter 12). Afterwards, his villain character is seen when he acts mean to foreign civilians in the Second World War. During this time, the British bombers under the stewardship of Winston Churchill started attacking German cities with bombs. He argues that he is taking precaution against external aggression from other enemies such that his will be to kill the existence of the enemy. Winston did not worry of people dying under such cases. He exhibited a character that showed his villain characteristics especially selfish motives. Churchill is seen as a happy person when the news of how the Indians are dying is spread. Winston presented the worst activities that went high against humanity. The British government has not witnessed such acts since the demise of Winston. He did all his terrible acts in the name of proving to the world that British was the only good place in the world. The paper is for the view that the archetypes serve their purposes in the current world. They fulfill their intended purposes ones put into use. The modern, intuitive counselors, politician, and other leaders use the archetypal character representations in order to acquire the appropriate meaning that they want to drive to their audiences (Morrison 121). They facilitate their audiences with tools and environmental conditions that promote their exploration of the symbolic or archetypal landscapes in order to translate them to things they can understand and identify them in an easy way. After grasping the content, they are supposed to create platforms for the assimilation of the lessons learned from the archetypal characters to the daily life. In order for the archetypes to create meaning and example to the community, they have to serve their purpose (Willis 55). The modern assimilation of archetypes has given full meaning and validity to the symbolic and credence to the unseen and un-rational (Elber 101). In a general platform, the archetypal characteristics are used in the modern world to provide the readers with a working knowledge of archetypal reality in most of the things happening daily. The archetype usage is on the rampant especially in the field of intuitive development (Morrison 122). In the intuitive development field, the definition of archetypes is an original model or type on which later follows models similar to the original and models of patterning things. Archetypes are energies that derive their animated scenes in order to create the effect in the unconscious parts of a human life. The collective unconscious is defined as a virtual library. The library stores data of a symbolic nature. Researchers stipulate that the virtual library resides not only in the collective psyche but also in the individual psyche (Willis 56). They state that in that manner, each has access to collective symbols that comprise almost entirely of archetypes. One of the most accepted archetypes in the current world is dreams. It has facilitated the development of psycho-analysis through which the dreams are interpreted as a matter of course (Morrison 125). The modern archetypal analysis indicate that dreams serve the purpose of archetypes in the modern world in that the seeming gibberish can transform to information (Fischoff 182). The information is the language of a human subconscious and when the language is fully analyzed; the information can be translated to usefulness hence serving the humans positively and practical manner. For example, from ancient traditions to the modern world, dreams that assimilate water as their basic theme is categorized as those that display the human emotional state (Willis 58). In a current example, the collective unconscious holds the concept of archetypes especially the polarized ones. For example at the mention of the word mother, there rises an archetypal character where an audience initiates the motherly characteristics instantly (Elber 102). One off the most things that will happen naturally is that a person will think of his or her own mother. In any representation of the motherly archetypal characteristics, the audiences will associate the characters with hero and the sage archetypes (Morrison 130). The combination will bring on board the archetypal characteristics of the mother such as nurturing or playful. These characteristics fall on the positive spectrum (Fischoff 188). The archetypal characteristics of a mother can also be inclined to the negative perception. The characteristics may include strict, punitive, and uncaring among others. As such, the above demonstration helps in supporting the fact that the archetypes in the modern world serve their intended purposes (Willis 60). They become excited to derive their intended meaning as stipulated by the driver and the audiences. The modern culture has animated the mother-character figuratively to the extent of creating an archetype (Morrison 144). The recent films are full of archetypal characters. The fairy tales and other types of writings have all assimilated the archetypal characteristics of their characters. For instance, there are kings and queens in the modern films there are also princesses and princes in the film industry and the writing industry (Elber 103). There is a wide array of characters assimilated as archetypes in the modern ways that serve the world well. It requires the audience concentration in order to categorize the archetypal characteristics (Morrison 145). The world of advertisement has assimilated the use of archetypes in order to create an impact to the community. In the case of an advert that aims at selling products, ideas, or services to consumers, the developers develop adverts that incorporate animation into archetypes and create energies that will reach the targeted audiences and create impacts (Willis 67). In order to discourage a particular thing in the community, the archetypal characteristics will revolve around the villain archetypal characteristics in order to create the intended message to the community. There are those adverts that use words to send a message to the targeted audiences (Morrison 150). Interestingly, the modernization of archetypes has led to animation of words to archetypes to real neutral energies (Fischoff 196). Researchers in this field argue that characteristics assigned to a particular item leads to the item being bad or good depending on the extremism of the characteristics. The extremism of these characters will also define whether the item is acceptable or not. The acceptance of these archetypes facilitates the acceptance of neutral and dualistic for human beings. Analysis points out those human beings seem to prefer or have as a default to place judgment on words, feelings or situations (Willis 70). The moment human beings accepted to assign polarized attitude towards definitions of archetypes, they started accepting that the stated definitions may include more options. By allowing an aspect of polarization to the archetypes, they are utilized as tools that facilitate an understanding of what makes the human race work and how and why they make certain choices in life (Morrison 155). Fairy tales, myths, stories and ancient poetry was passed to the modern generation as a tool that facilitates the understanding of generations to generations. This can be a hard task if the archetypal characteristics of the assimilated characters in these forms of arts do not incorporate archetypes (Fischoff 200). The arts act as allegorical explanations of the human race and their existence in nature. The reason why the archetypes are still very useful to humans is that they explain the nature of human relationship. They create an understanding that facilitates a common understanding of human character and personality defects (Willis 78). The initial stories assimilating archetypes were used to describe the maps of human races and the human journey from childhood to adulthood. One level of these stories indicate that they are stories told to children in order to entertain them but on another level, they are stories that assimilate many aspects of archetypal polarized characteristics to explain certain notions in life (Morrison 156). A great support to the fact that the polarized archetypes used in many situations serve the intended use they are created for is on the movie industries (Elber 105). The modern society relies so much on media activities especially on cinemas and films to cushion themselves in life. For instance, when a film is directed to exposing the societal nightmares and evils, people will categorically identify the archetypes in the film and categorize them according to what purpose they serve. They will be more cushioned in their endeavors in the society since they have a rational overview of the effects certain aspects in the society may have (Zipes 176). In a nutshell, stories and dreams are just an example of areas we can search for archetypal information. The ancestral lines of humans in the current world are also used as platforms to indicate the archetypal characteristics of a human past ancestry. The ancestry lineage causes an archetype in a polarized situation in the society. The current categorization of stars reflects another form of how the archetypes are in use in the modern life. For instance, a person my stipulate that he or she is of the Gemini star or cancer star. They form a rich collection of archetypes in the modern life (Zipes 177). Conclusion Winston Churchill represents archetypes in many forms especially heroic and villainy types. An analysis of archetypes indicate that they are they have fairly remained the same from ancient times to the current times. They remain at a constant state throughout all times of life and cultures in the conscious and unconscious parts of human minds. They are found entirely in almost all pieces of literature. The storyteller has a responsibility of understanding the archetypal forces in order to maintain the relevance of the archetypes especially the polarized ones. The archetype’s influence will depend with the indented audience. For instance, they have a wide reach among the American audience. In order to completely demonstrate that the archetypes, especially the polarized ones have an impact in the daily life of their audiences, the paper assimilates two types of archetypal stories. Archetypes stories are demonstrated in many of our daily lives. They assume many forms of characteristics in order to suit their purported use at a particular manner. The main aim is to come up with a particular kind of a person displayed by the archetype in use. The character is what is used to display stereotypical characteristics in a person hence creating a specific personality, behavior and character regardless of their first insinuations to the audiences. Works Cited Dockter, Warren. The tale of two Winstons. The Historian 111. (Oct 2011). Elber, Lynn. “Oh, How Dearly We Love Those Villains.” The Columbian (1996): November 15. Web. Fischoff, Stuart. “Villains in Film: Anemic Renderings.” Popular Culture Review. 6.1 (1995): 45-52. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. Morrison, Grant. Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. Art by Dave Mckean. New York: DC Comics, 1989. Print. Willis, Ellen. “Villains and victims: ‘Sexual correctness’ and the repression of feminism.” Salmagundi: a quarterly of the humanities & social sciences. 101 (1994): 38- 78. Web. 13 Apr. 2013 Zipes, Jack. “The twists and Turns of Radical Children's Literature.” Trans. Array tales for little rebels: a collection of radical children's literature. Julia L. Mickenberg and Philip Nel. New York: New York University Press, 2008. vii-ix. Print. Appendix The books on the reference list are mostly hired from Amazon, please re-hire them. The information is directly obtainable. Thanks. Book 1 Winston Churchill's archetypal metaphors: A mythopoetic translation of World War II DOI: 10.1080/10510977709367929 William E. Rickert pages 106-112 Publishing models and article dates explained Published online: 22 May 2009 Book 2 http://www.winstonchurchill.org/support/the-churchill-centre/publications/finest-hour-online/725-the-creeds-of-the-devil-churchill-between-the-two-totalitarianisms-1917-1945 Article links http://www.cercles.com/review/r8/best.html http://www.cercles.com/review/r24/reynolds.htm http://www.cercles.com/review/r14/wrigley.htm http://www.cercles.com/review/r23/holmes.htm http://opal.kent.ac.uk/cartoonx-cgi/ccc.py?mode=single&start=61&search=secretaries http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/pdfs/spectator_article.pdf Book 3 Archetype This: A Cast of Canine Characters eaponry. Come the hour, come the man. From the Guardian newspaper: Quote: Churchill was particularly keen on chemical weapons, suggesting they be used "against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment". He dismissed objections as "unreasonable". "I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes... (to) spread a lively terror" In today's terms, "the Arab" needed to be shocked and awed. A good gassing might well do the job. This, bearing in mind, was said in 1919, shortly after the horrors of the first world war and shortly before the adoption of the Geneva ban on such weapons. Racial supremacist By 1937 he had gone on to explain in a little more detail his views on the worth of subject peoples in his submission to the Palestine Commission, arguing: Quote: I do not agree that the dog in a manger has the final right to the manger even though he may have lain there for a very long time. I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race, a more worldly wise race to put it that way, has come in and taken their place. Drenching the Ruhr He was back sticking it to foreign civillians again during the second world war, 20 years on from the gas ban's ratification as Britain started to gain the upper hand and send its bombers over German cities, saying: Quote: If the bombardment of London became a serious nuisance and great rockets with far-reaching and devastating effect fell on many centres of Government and labour, I should be prepared to do anything that would hit the enemy in a murderous place. I may certainly have to ask you to support me in using poison gas. We could drench the cities of the Ruhr and many other cities in Germany in such a way that most of the population would be requiring constant medical attention. We could stop all work at the flying bomb starting points. I do not see why we should have the disadvantages of being the gentleman while they have all the advantages of being the cad. Apparently, the Germans weren't the only ones considering the mass gassing of civilians in the 40s. Just as well the Germans weren't a bit faster building their doodlebugs really. Dresden What he did go for in the end of course wasn't exactly wonderful. In what is widely (and probably wrongly, given the other activities of the British empire over the years) regarded as one of the most shameful episodes in the UK's history, between 25,000 and 40,000 people died during the firebombing of Dresden. From the  on Dresden: Quote: Winston Churchill pressed the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair: "I asked [last night] whether Berlin, and no doubt other large cities in east Germany, should not now be considered especially attractive targets. …Pray report to me tomorrow what is going to be done" This is backed by the Churchill centre here, though they couch it slightly differently it is clear his cigar-stained authority lay at the heart of the action. Meanwhile, In India It wasn't just the unfortunates of the Axis that Churchill was happily slaughtering, he presided over some of the nastiest activities the British government has yet managed while waving his V-sign and proclaiming Britain as the beacon for All That Is Good In The World. Quote: When in 1942 the popular Quit India Movement threatened to disrupt the war effort, it was brutally put down with public shootings and mass whippings, torturing of protesters and burning of villages, leading even bourgeois observers to make comparisons with 'Nazi dreadfulness'. When in 1943 food shortages began as a direct result of British scorched earth policies, the War Cabinet ignored the problem, refusing to stop ordering Indian food abroad in the interests of the war effort. The resulting man-made famine in Bengal may have accounted for as many as four million deaths. His charming response when asked about this was to castigate the Indian people for: Quote: Breeding like rabbits and being paid a million a day by us for doing nothing by us about the war (Hat-tip to the ICC and a post by libcom poster cantdocartwheels there). One war just isn't enough Of course, his disregard for human life was not confined only to foreigners. It was Churchill, more than any other politician, who pushed for the disastrous campaign in favour of the Whites against the Bolsheviks following the great war. Taking a large British fleet and 1,600 men as Britain struggled to find the money to rebuild, he attempted to restore the Russian aristocracy to power against the wishes of the British population. After spending £100 million in money the state hadn't got, and wasting countless lives, he was only forced to admit defeat following mutinies and widespread demonstrations of discontent at home. (For the full tale of this military debacle, try Churchill's Crusade, The British Invasion of Russia 1918-1920 by Clifford Kinvig) Churchill's actions during the general strike: Quote: During the General Strike of 1926, Churchill was reported to have suggested that machine guns should be used on the striking miners. Churchill edited the Government's newspaper, the British Gazette*, and during the dispute he argued that "either the country will break the General Strike, or the General Strike will break the country." Furthermore, he was to controversially claim that the Fascism of Benito Mussolini had "rendered a service to the whole world", showing as it had "a way to combat subversive forces" - that is, he considered the regime to be a bulwark against the perceived threat of Communist revolution. *Using paper confiscated from radical publishers, it was a simple slandering machine against the strikers. (From this) Further to his pro-fascist tendencies, a direct quote: Quote: If I had been an Italian I am sure I should have been whole-heartedly with you in your triumphant struggle against the bestial appetites and passions of Leninism... (Italy) has provided the necessary antidote to the Russian poison. Hereafter no great nation will be unprovided with an ultimate means of protection against the cancerous growth of Bolshevism. In his own words, Churchill saw fascism as the ultimate defence against communism. His antipathy to Hitler was not based on great politics or fine motives, but on a rivalry of power. On this point, Churchill also advocated a policy of appeasement to the fascist Franco in Spain (Churchill and Spain The Survival of the Franco Regime, 1940-1945 by Richard Wigg) which directly aided him in consolidating power after his butchery of the Spanish revolutionaries despite international condemnation from around the world. So, in summary, good line in cigars and sloganeering, yes. Greatest Briton of all time? I fucking hope not... PS: Ooh, almost forgot, he was against the NHS too. Bit off asking the wealthy to pay for poor people's healthcare you see. Bless him. Posted By Rob Ray Aug 12 2008 16:02  Winston Churchill Elber, Lynn. “Oh, How Dearly We Love Those Villains.” The Columbian (1996): November 15. Web. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.emich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1946%26context%3Dtheses&ei=KzC0U57fA6rB7AbI1oGoCQ&usg=AFQjCNHMxUQiAJwUvuqqXwgCQnFnNnzjpQ&sig2=IMZOrK5vxMuaiWi63TagNw&bvm=bv.70138588,d.ZGU Fischoff, Stuart. “Villains in Film: Anemic Renderings.” Popular Culture Review. 6.1 (1995): 45-52. Web. 9 Oct. 2013 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.emich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1946%26context%3Dtheses&ei=wTC0U9iMOajm7AbA8IDYCg&usg=AFQjCNHMxUQiAJwUvuqqXwgCQnFnNnzjpQ&sig2=kcyatcZ8Fpxc7CzKcEliIA&bvm=bv.70138588,d.ZGU https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learningace.com%2Fcollege%2F16794328-calstatela-tvf-454&ei=wTC0U9iMOajm7AbA8IDYCg&usg=AFQjCNF-998dvUBIKAEPYv2bJsviD06ZuQ&sig2=dEMENaU5seqOIo0QAd5kdg&bvm=bv.70138588,d.ZGU Morrison, Grant. Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. Art by Dave Mckean. New York: DC Comics, 1989. Print https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FArkham-Asylum-Serious-House-Earth%2Fdp%2F093028948X&ei=dTG0U6T3D-6V7AblyoDQCg&usg=AFQjCNF5TKUtirym_ChGHWyFOjZabfMj7A&sig2=lqd4A5qJ879RRUFGXdggcQ Willis, Ellen. “Villains and victims: ‘Sexual correctness’ and the repression of feminism.” Salmagundi: a quarterly of the humanities & social sciences. 101 (1994): 38- 78. Web. 13 Apr. 2013 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.emich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1946%26context%3Dtheses&ei=6zG0U4CpGory7Aas8IGIDg&usg=AFQjCNHMxUQiAJwUvuqqXwgCQnFnNnzjpQ&sig2=64hDFJf0dSTryrWoOd71bg Zipes, Jack. “The twists and Turns of Radical Children's Literature.” Trans. Array tales for little rebels: a collection of radical children's literature. Julia L. Mickenberg and Philip Nel. New York: New York University Press, 2008. vii-ix. Print. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CBwQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fprezi.com%2F4qjda9d7efo0%2Fwhos-afraid-of-the-big-bad-wolf-the-fear-presence-and-significance-of-radical-childrens-literature%2F&ei=QDK0U47TNMjA7Abkj4GAAw&usg=AFQjCNHNiTipDudnBYPaKKwhTeA-rJWAfQ&sig2=w-Lv55nVx-YGcaXKZNMOVQ&bvm=bv.70138588,d.ZGU https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CC4QFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2027.42%2F102399%2Fimillan_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&ei=QDK0U47TNMjA7Abkj4GAAw&usg=AFQjCNF3_Tmziiu2_hMZ8L6G6csHfjR6jg&sig2=2JIThHOL3jDk-3toQq_yMg&bvm=bv.70138588,d.ZGU Read More