Above the Lower Critical Radiation: Plasma Generates Additional Heat Flux - Assignment Example

Heat Name Student no Course: FY014 Module Date of performing experiment Date of submission Abstract In this experiment, the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity were investigated. This was done by investigating the temperature response of a block material and a rod to flow of heat. The heat was induced by a resistor connected to a power supply and the material was placed in direct thermal contact with it. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Theory 4 Method 6 Results/data 6 Discussion and analysis results 8 Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to investigate heat capacity; a measure of energy required to raise a temperature of a material by one Celsius degree and thermal conductivity the rate at which heat energy flows through a material. This test is based on the observing the temperature response of the material to the flow of heat. The resistor connected to a power supply generated heat which induced a heat flow when the material was placed in a direct thermal contact with it (Carmeliet, Hens and Vermeir, 2003). Theory Heat and temperature are different. Temperature is a measure hotness of a substance and is measured in 0C, while heat is the thermal energy in a material and is measured in joules. heat energy transfer in a bodydepends on: mass of an object type of the material amount of heat energy transferred Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise a temperature of a material by one Celsius degree. Energy is proportional to Specific heat capacity and is calculated form the following equation. E = m C ∆ θ, Where E = energy transferred in joules, J m = mass of the substances in kg c = specific heat capacity in J / kg °C θ = temperature change in degrees Celsius, °C Thermal conductivity is the rate at which heat energy flows through a material.  = thermal conductivity of the material A = the cross-sectional area of the material X = the length of the material And The error is calculated by getting the different between the value obtained and the usual value Thermal conductivity is proportional to the amount of energy present, the energy dissipation or free mean path and the number and velocity of the energy carriers. Thermal conductivity if metals are high due large amount of electron carriers and large mean free path. An increase in temperature causes an increase in dissipated energy due to collisions, thermal conductivity decreases (Ion, 2005). Thermal conductivity if a rod is connected to a cold object on one end with a temperature, θ 1 and the other end is connected to a hot body with a temperature, θ 2, the rate at which the energy flow in form of heat from one end of the rod to the other measures the thermal conductivity of the material. The direction of the flow of heat is perpendicular to the cross-section area, A of the rod. The rate of flow heat energy heat through the area ∆A, is proportional to ∆A and temperature gradient, ∂T/∂x, therefore, The rate of flow of energy through the bar is given by, (Mansfield and O'Sullivan, 2012) Method To avoid risk in the laboratory electrical connection were made carefully. The heating block was then connected to the power supply and the voltage set to 20V. The voltage and current across the resistor were measured and the temperatures of the heated block were recorded every second. The second part began with connecting the heating element to the power supply and setting the voltage at 20V. When the heating element was 500C, a thermometer was attached to both ends of the metal rod M1, and also to the heat sink S1 and then connected to the heat source H1. The temperature rise of the heat sink S1 were recorded every few seconds until the block S1 reached 350C. Results/data Diameter of rod (mm) 22.5 Mass of heated block (g) 1012 Length of rod 148.0 Mass of heating element 1090 part 1 Part 2 Time (s) Temperature (°C) Time θ1 (°C) θ2 (°C) S1 (°C) 0 18 0 32 22 19 15 18 15 34 23 19 30 19 30 35 23 19 45 20 45 35 24 19 60 21 60 36 24 19 75 21 75 36 25 19 90 22 90 36 25 19 105 23 105 37 26 20 120 24 120 37 26 20 135 25 135 37 27 20 150 26 150 37 27 20 165 28 165 38 27 21 180 29 180 38 27 21 195 30 195 38 28 21 210 31 210 38 28 21 225 32 225 38 28 21 240 33 240 38 28 22 255 33 255 38 28 22 270 35 270 38 28 22 285 36 285 38 28 22 300 37 300 38 29 22 315 38 315 38 29 23 330 39 330 38 29 23 345 41 345 38 29 23 360 42 360 38 29 23 375 43 375 38 29 23 390 44 390 38 29 24 405 45 405 38 30 24 420 46 420 38 30 24 435 47 435 38 30 24 450 47 450 38 30 24 465 48 465 38 30 25 480 48 480 38 30 25 495 49 495 38 30 25 510 49 510 39 30 25 525 49 525 39 31 25 540 39 31 26 555 39 31 26 570 39 31 26 585 39 31 26 600 39 31 26 615 39 31 26 630 39 32 26 645 39 32 27 660 39 32 27 675 39 32 27 690 39 32 27 705 39 32 27 720 39 32 28 735 40 32 28 750 40 33 28 765 40 33 28 780 40 33 28 795 40 33 28 810 40 33 28 825 40 33 28 840 40 33 29 855 40 33 29 870 40 33 29 885 40 34 29 900 40 34 29 915 40 34 29 930 40 34 29 945 40 34 30 960 40 34 30 975 40 34 30 990 40 34 30 1005 40 34 30 1020 40 34 30 1035 40 34 31 1050 40 35 31 1065 40 35 31 1080 40 35 31 1095 41 35 31 1110 41 35 31 1125 41 35 31 1140 41 35 31 1155 41 35 31 1170 41 35 31 1185 41 35 32 1200 41 35 32 1215 41 36 32 1230 41 36 32 1245 41 36 32 1260 41 36 32 1275 41 36 32 1290 41 36 32 1305 41 36 32 1320 41 36 33 1335 41 36 33 1350 41 36 33 1365 41 36 33 1380 41 36 33 1395 41 36 33 1410 41 36 33 1425 41 36 33 1440 41 36 33 1455 41 36 33 1470 41 37 33 1485 41 37 33 1500 41 37 33 1515 41 37 34 1530 41 37 34 1545 42 37 34 1560 42 37 34 1575 42 37 34 1590 41 37 34 1605 41 37 34 1620 42 37 34 1635 42 37 34 1650 42 37 34 1665 42 38 35 Discussion and analysis results Since V = 23V the metal is Aluminium PART II Asbestos (Actual thermal conductivity of Asbestos = 0.8 Wm-1K-1)1 Error (Aluminium = 0.9 J/gm K) 2 Error = (1.201-0.9)/0.9 x 100% = 30.1% Conclusion This experiment gave heat capacity value of the block material as well as the values of thermal conductivity of a given rod. The specific heat capacity and the thermal conductivity obtained in this experiment do not correspond exactly to the expected values. This is due to errors that came from different sources. There energy losses to the surrounding environment and so the temperature increase was less than the expected value. For example, the error for thermal conductivity is 1.25%. The errors can be reduced if the experiment is done in an enclosed place. References Mansfield M., O'Sullivan C., 2012. Understanding Physics, John Wiley & Sons, P245, ISBN 1118437829: 9781118437827 Ion J. C., 2005. Laser processing of engineering materials: principles, procedure and industrial application, Amsterdam: Boston: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, P170, ISBN0080492800: 9780080492803 Carmeliet J., Hens H. S. L. C., Vermeir G., 2003. Research in Building Physics: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Building Physics, Leuven, 14-18 September, Antwerpen, Belgium Editors Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9058095657: 9789058095657 Read More