The Incorporation of Immigrant Migrants in Growing Urban Areas in Saudi Arabia - Annotated Bibliography Example

Annotated Bibliography1 Arapoglou, V. P., and J. Sayas. 2009. New facets of urban segregation in Southern Europe: Gender, migration and social change in Athens. European Urban and Regional Studies 16(4):345–362. In this journal article, the authors who are scholars affiliated to two different universities in Greece investigate the new forms of segregation that are taking root in Southern Europe. Based on a case study of Athens, the authors reveal that social fragmentation is becoming a common phenomenon in Southern Europe as a direct result of the new ethnic and gender divisions that characterize occupational structure and residential mobility. The article reveals that different areas of the city are occupied by different people based on their social and economic backgrounds. With respect to social segregation, the article reveals that gender is an important factor as evidenced by the polarization of occupations among men and women. (Gender relations - class - population migration) Wang, Q. 2010. How Does geography matter in the ethnic labor market segmentation process? A case study of Chinese immigrants in the San Francisco CMSA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1):182–201. In this journal article, the author, a scholar affiliated with the University of North Carolina examines the role of geography in the segmentation process of the ethnic labor market. The article summarizes past studies showing the segmentation of labor markets in urban centers along gender, ethnic, and racial lines. A case study of Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco, conducted by the author supports these previous findings. Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco, which is an urban labor market, are visibly segmented along job skill and gender lines. The article reveals that there is a direct relationship between the geography of home (the geography of where one stays) and the geography of work (the geography of the place in which one works), and the process of labor market segmentation. (Social exclusion - skilled labor - Asian immigrant - socioeconomic conditions) Accetturo, A., F. Manaresi, S. Mocetti, and E. Olivieri. 2014. Dont stand so close to me: The urban impact of immigration. Regional Science and Urban Economics 5 (2014):45–56. In this journal article, the authors, economists attached to the Bank of Italy, explore the effect that immigration has on housing prices and segregation patterns in urban centers. The article reveals that there is a significant relationship between immigration and the other two variables based on a study involving a sample of 20 large Italian cities. The article reveals that natives tend to move away from immigrant-dense areas suggests that they tend to have a negative attitudes toward the immigrants. The article further highlights migration trends in the world presenting some of the advantages that come with immigration such as faster urbanization of areas. The article is important to the study in that it provides a good background on the effects of migration on local areas. (Urban area - urban housing) Zenou Y. 2011. Search, migration, and urban land use: The case of transportation policies. Journal of Development Economics 96 (2011):174–187. In this journal article, Zenou, a scholar affiliated with the Stockholm University, examines the effects of three different transportation policies on urban areas. The article ultimately reveals that when transport policies that improve the public transport system, encourage investment, and restrict migration are applied together in one urban setting, the net effect tends to be positive for the city in terms of increasing urban employment. Alternatively stated, if applied together with the other strategies, restricting migration in a given area works to stimulate employment The source is important in that it brings into focus the interaction between different policies implemented by a city. Apart from its important findings, this source provides good background information on developing world city characteristics. (Rural-urban migration) Beckhusen, J., R. J. Florax, J. Graaff, J. Poot, and B. Waldorf. 2013. Living and working in ethnic enclaves: English Language proficiency of immigrants in US metropolitan areas. Papers in Regional Science, 92(2):305-328. In this journal article, the authors, economists affiliated with different universities including Purdue University and VU University Amsterdam, study the relationship between proficiency in English and occupational and residential segregation. The authors note that language acquisition is an investment that fosters trade between people of different cultures or from different societies. The authors, show that the level of language proficiency has an impact on the degree to which immigrants are segregated from by natives. The source provides some insight into the way immigrants in Saudi Arabia can work toward overcoming segregation in the work place and residential areas. (Language - ethnic minority) Kaya, Y., and E. Karakoç. 2012. Civilizing vs destructive globalization? A multi-level analysis of anti-immigrant prejudice. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 2012 53(1):23-44. In this journal article, Kaya, a scholar affiliated with the University of North Carolina Wilmington and Karakoç, affiliated with Binghamton, SUNY, study the impact of globalization on the level of prejudice directed against immigrants. By adopting two different and opposing views regarding globalization, the researchers conduct a multi-level analysis based on a sample of 64 countries. The study reveals that while globalization is multi-dimensional in nature, the theory that views globalization in a negative light tends to hold more water for many citizens. In this regard, many citizens tend to perceive immigrants, and therefore globalization, more as a threat. The information provided by this article is useful in that it brings into focus the fact that the perceptions of Saudi Arabian natives toward immigrants and, therefore, globalization may also be negative. (Globalization - civil society) Hunter, R. S., A. J. Oswald, and B. G. Charlton. 2009. The elite brain drain. The Economic Journal, 119 (June): F231–F251. In this journal article, Hunter, Oswald and Charlton, experts in economics, discuss the issue of the mobility of the world’s best research scientists. The source focuses on the importance of globalization with respect to the brain drain. The source provides vital statistics and details regarding the mobility of elite scientists. While the source falls short of proving that the migration of elite scientists in itself has a bearing on their productivity, it suggests that their migration to specific countries may be because the returns they make out of the move may be quite significant. The source hints to the fact that if top scientists and intellectuals are assured of high returns in specific countries, they may opt to migrate to the countries and, in some way, contribute to their development. Eraydin, A., A. Tasan-kok, and J. Vranken. 2010. Diversity matters: Immigrant entrepreneurship and contribution of different forms of social integration in economic performance of cities. European Planning Studies 18(4): 521-543. This article is authored by scholars attached to the Middle East Technical University, Delft University of Technology, and University of Antwerp. The focus of this journal article is the contribution of immigrants to the economic performance of cities. According to the source, immigrants can be vital agents of economic growth for cities as much they can enhance their competiveness. By focusing on two case studies, the source reveals that immigrants can not only contribute to the economic development of their places of residence through talents and skills but also through their social connections. This source is important because it discusses the different forms of diversity that characterize the city. The source also goes into depth in discussing how immigrants can contribute to the economy as they consciously try to adapt to the challenges they face in the social, political and economic environments. (Urban economy - sustainable development - social inclusion) Urban, S. 2009. Is the neighborhood effect an economic or an immigrant issue? A study of the importance of the childhood neighborhood for future integration into the labor market. Urban Studies. 46(3):583–603. This article is authored by a scholar affiliated with the Institute for Research on Migration, Ethnicity and Society, Linköping University. This journal article focuses on the impacts economic characteristics of neighbourhoods and their ethnic composition on socioeconomic output. The article focuses on the impacts of economic standards of a place on individual integration in the labor market. The source notes that several factors including collective efficacy, relative deprivation, and social control have an impact on personal development. Based on the findings of case studies in different parts of the world including Sweden, the author concludes that social environment factors should not be ignored by individuals as they generally affect how they integrate in the labor market. (Temporary migration- urban population - socioeconomic status) Avenarius, C. B. 2012. Immigrant networks in new urban spaces: Gender and social integration. International Migration. 50(5):25-55. Avenarius, an Assistant Professor at the Department of Anthropology at East Carolina University, discusses the effects of immigrant dispersion in urban sprawl areas and their impact on personal networks and by extension, social integration. According to the study, settling in less concentrated areas of the city tends to present more opportunities for interaction with people of different ethnic backgrounds as compared to settling in ethnic enclaves. This source is important in that it challenges the perception that settling in ethnic enclaves is more beneficial to immigrants. Based on the findings of the study, governments can consider policies to encourage immigrants to live in dispersed concentrations as a way of integrating immigrants in a society. (Urbansociety - urban population) Skandalis, K. S. 2012. Immigration and entrepreneurial diversification in contemporary Greece. Mediterranean Quarterly. 23(3):98-115. This journal article Skandalis, a scholar at the Claremont Graduate University, California, focuses on how immigrants in Greece engage in entrepreneurial activities. The source provides valuable background information and statistics regarding immigration around the world. The source, for example, reveals that about 200 million people across the world reside away from their native countries as immigrants. The source also highlights some of the activities that immigrants in Greece engage in to make ends meet. In as much as the source focuses on Greece, its findings can be generalized to other countries and parts of the world. Based on the findings of the study, a country such as Saudi Arabia can put measures in place to encourage immigrants within its borders to engage in productive economic activities that lead to economic development. (Immigrant population - social network- settlement pattern) Tacoli, C., and R. Mabala. 2010. Exploring mobility and migration in the context of rural--Urban linkages: Why gender and generation matter. Environment and Urbanization. 2(22): 389-395. This article is authored by Tacoli, a Senior Researcher in IIED’s Human Settlements Group, and Mabala, an Executive Director of TAMASHA, Arusha, Tanzania. This journal article explores the relationship between migration and the changing relations between urban and rural areas. According to the source, the number of people migrating in all the study areas increased. Some of the factors that led to migration related to job opportunities in destination areas and power inequalities at home. The study revealed that people of both gender migrate in search of new opportunities. The study also reveals that gender and generational differences play a great role in migration and mobility of people in diverse contexts and situations. This journal article is important in that it underscores the importance of gender and generational differences in encouraging the integration of immigrants. (Rural-urban migration - elderly population - mobility) Loch, D. 2009. Immigrant youth and urban riots: A comparison of France and Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 35(5):791-814. In this article, Loch, a sociologist affiliated with the Universite´ Pierre Mende`s France, discusses the causes of unrest in cities based on two case studies; France and Germany. In the journal article, the author reveals that one of the main causes of social and political unrest in a place is frustration that crops up from the difference between expectation and the reality in regard to the social environment. The author notes that social exclusion such as evidenced by discrimination and segregation is a great recipe for unrest in a city or country. On the other hand, integration of people (minorities) especially, goes a long way to preventing social unrest. The author notes that one way of fostering the integration of immigrants is by recognizing them through different ways. Marginalization - urban policy- social conflict - young population - ethnic minority) Chipeniuk, R. 2008. Some tools for planning for amenity migration in remote rural settlements: lessons from participatory action. Community Development Journal. 43(2):222–238. This journal article defines amenity migration and how it can be encouraged. While rural to urban migration is rampant in many parts of the world, urban to rural migration may play an important role in the development of communities that are rich in cultural amenities. Some of the tools for encouraging amenity migration include advocacy, the establishment of citizen juries, symposia, and citizen identification and negotiation of amenities. This source highlights the importance of planning in encouraging amenity migration. For the plans to be effective, it is important for those drawing them to conduct thorough research and find out the views of community members. (Urban policy - rural areas - urban areas) Duprez, D. 2009. Urban rioting as an indicator of crisis in the integration model for ethnic minority youth in France. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 35(5):753-770. This journal article, authored by a Research Director at CNRS/Clerse´, University of Lille, makes its point on urban rioting based on historical occurrences in France. In as much as France had appeared to have succeeded in integrating the children of immigrants in their new environment, this success later turned out to be a fallacy as they later engaged the government in riots. One factor that caused the riots was racial discrimination, tension between the youth and the police, and political division. This source highlights the effects of political actions and policies on the integration of immigrants. As an example, the author notes that some of the causes of the riots by the African youths in France related to discrimination and negative references such as “primitive rebels”. (Marginalization - ethnic minority - social exclusion - social conflict) Teixeira, C., and W. Li. 2009. Immigrant and refugee experiences in North American cities. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies. 7(3): 221-227. This journal article is written by an associate professor affiliated with the University of British Columbia-Okanagan. In the article, the author highlights some of the factors that are basic to the successful integration of refugees and immigrants in a new society. Some of these include access to good education, employment, access to affordable housing, and good social and cultural integration (222). According to the author, policy makers should pay attention to these four factors as they work toward integrating people in new communities. This source is important as it highlights some of the vital factors that impact the level to which immigrants get integrated in a new place or society. (Migrants experience - social change- multiculturalism - immigration policy) Earner , I. 2010. Double risk: Immigrant mothers, domestic violence and public child welfare services in New York City. Evaluation and Program Planning. 33 (2010):288–293. This journal article, authored by a scholar at the Hunter College School of Social Work, presents the findings of a case study conducted in New York, featuring the experiences of Mexican immigrant mothers living in the city. The article highlights the plight of some of the women who are victims of domestic violence. One of the issues highlighted by the article is the lack of awareness of the women regarding vital services offered by different service providers. The article brings to light some of the fears of the immigrant mothers considering their multiple identities. In the article, the author recommends that policy makers should carefully evaluate the policies that they make as they may negatively impact immigrants and hamper their successful integration in the new environment. (Cultural influence - Latino people- immigrant – violence - immigration) Vlieger, A. 2012. Domestic workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: Trafficking victims? International Migration. 50(6): 180-194. In this journal article, Vlieger, a scholar at the University of Amsterdam Law School, argues that many of the migrant domestic workers in the Middle East are victims of trafficking. According to the article, many of the migrant domestic workers live and work under deplorable conditions such as forced confinement and are greatly exploited by natives. The author makes a raft of recommendations to right the situation. Some of his recommendations in this respect are that countries should set up a national licensing office, individuals and employers should be empowered through the establishment of an international consumer organization, and media campaigns should be used to inform the public on the salaries prescribed by different countries. (Migrant worker - international migration) Pande, A. 2013. “The paper that you have in your hand is my freedom”: Migrant domestic work and the sponsorship (kafala) system in Lebanon. International Migration Review. 47(2):414–441. In this journal article, Pande, a scholar at the University of Cape Town, highlights the plight of migrant domestic workers in Lebanon. The author brings to light the fact that many immigrants in Lebanon who survive on domestic work are victims of abuse by their sponsors. The author blames the Lebanese government for instituting a policy that encourages the exploitation of immigrants. The kafala system emphasizes state control and immigrants exclusion. Furthermore, the system provides fertile ground for the abuse of migrant workers since violations often go unpunished. The author recommends that the state should take its rightful place in ensuring that migrants rights are respected and those who violate the law are punished. (labor migration - illegal immigrant- migrants experience - migrant worker) Ersanilli, E. 2012. Model(ling) citizens? Integration policies and value integration of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies. 10(3):338-358. In this journal article, Ersanilli, a scholar affiliated with International Migration Institute, Oxford, England, investigates the extent to which integration policies impact on the attitudes of immigrants on their countries of residence. The study that featured three countries (Netherlands, France, and Germany) that apply different integration policy models revealed that the integration policies have modest effects at best. According to the author, the persistent traditionalism of immigrants is always blamed on failing integration policies among other factors. During the study, the attitudes of immigrant Turkish women were compared in both absolute and value gap terms. This source is important as it presents the views of immigrants in as far as integration policies are concerned. References Accetturo, A., F. Manaresi, S. Mocetti, and E. Olivieri. 2014. Dont stand so close to me: The urban impact of immigration. Regional Science and Urban Economics 5 (2014):45–56. Arapoglou, V. P., and J. Sayas. 2009. New facets of urban segregation in Southern Europe: Gender, migration and social class change in Athens. European Urban and Regional Studies 16(4):345–362. Avenarius, C. B. 2012. Immigrant networks in new urban spaces: Gender and social integration. International Migration. 50(5):25-55. Beckhusen, J., R. J. Florax, J. Graaff, J. Poot, and B. Waldorf. 2013. Living and working in ethnic enclaves: English Language proficiency of immigrants in US metropolitan areas. Papers in Regional Science, 92(2):305-328. Chipeniuk, R. 2008. Some tools for planning for amenity migration in remote rural settlements: lessons from participatory action. Community Development Journal. 43(2):222–238. Duprez, D. 2009. Urban rioting as an indicator of crisis in the integration model for ethnic minority youth in France. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 35(5):753-770. Earner , I. 2010. Double risk: Immigrant mothers, domestic violence and public child welfare services in New York City. Evaluation and Program Planning. 33 (2010):288–293. Eraydin, A., A. Tasan-kok, and J. Vranken. 2010. Diversity matters: Immigrant entrepreneurship and contribution of different forms of social integration in economic performance of cities. European Planning Studies 18(4): 521-543. Ersanilli, E. 2012. Model(ling) citizens? Integration policies and value integration of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies. 10(3):338-358. Hunter, R. S., A. J. Oswald, and B. G. Charlton. 2009. The elite brain drain. The Economic Journal, 119 (June): F231–F251. Kaya, Y., and E. Karakoç. 2012. Civilizing vs destructive globalization? A multi-level analysis of anti-immigrant prejudice. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 2012 53(1):23-44. Loch, D. 2009. Immigrant youth and urban riots: A comparison of France and Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 35(5):791-814. Pande, A. 2013. “The paper that you have in your hand is my freedom”: Migrant domestic work and the sponsorship (kafala) system in Lebanon. International Migration Review. 47(2):414–441. Skandalis, K. S. 2012. Immigration and entrepreneurial diversification in contemporary Greece. Mediterranean Quarterly. 23(3):98-115. Tacoli, C., and R. Mabala. 2010. Exploring mobility and migration in the context of rural--Urban linkages: Why gender and generation matter. Environment and Urbanization. 2(22): 389-395. Teixeira, C., and W. Li. 2009. Immigrant and refugee experiences in North American cities. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies. 7(3): 221-227. Urban, S. 2009. Is the neighborhood effect an economic or an immigrant issue? A study of the importance of the childhood neighborhood for future integration into the labor market. Urban Studies. 46(3):583–603. Vlieger, A. 2012. Domestic workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: Trafficking victims? International Migration. 50(6): 180-194. Wang, Q. 2010. How Does geography matter in the ethnic labor market segmentation process? A case study of Chinese immigrants in the San Francisco CMSA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1):182–201. Zenou Y. 2011. Search, migration, and urban land use: The case of transportation policies. Journal of Development Economics 96 (2011):174–187. Read More