What factors affect heart rate - Lab Report Example

Experiment What factors affect heart rate? Aim To establish how diverse modes of breathing affect human heart rate/pulsation. Safety Precautions To acquire steady results, implementation of effective breathing control in every set coupled with sound pulsation monitor that will record any observation with heightened keenness and accuracy. Introduction Research question: How do varied breathing modes affect human heart pulsation within a minute? Background: Heart is an essential and delicate organ of all humans plus animals. This is due to its primary functions, which are indispensable in executing diverse roles and keeping other organs working normally. Mainly, there exists numerous factors, which affect heart functions in diverse ways, but not all of them result in serious life threatening incidences. These factors usually differ radically due to their diverse influences on the heart rate due to their intensities. Principally, heart rate or pulsation is the speed in which it contracts so that it may be able to sustain adequate blood circulation for effective supply of oxygen in all the body tissues. Normally, a healthy person has an average pulsation of 70 – 80 Beats per minute (Bpm), though this owing to certain factors might change. For instance, when the body requires more O2 in its tissues, then the pumping of extra blood is necessary which facilitates more O2, hence escalating pulsation. Hypothesis: Diverse breathing modes held per minute normally impart noticeable heart pulsation fluctuations. Since, during inspiration it slows down prior resuming to the normal beating (Camm 3). The fluctuations differ drastically depending on the breathing alterations per minute, which is the key exemplification of this report. Heart rate of an individual or any animal is directly comparative to the breathing. Method The experiment implicated measuring of heart rates or pulsation per minute by having diverse breathing modes. This entailed five trials data measuring and recording to ensure attaining of high accuracy during the process, for each set. The independent variable was breathing where for this case to attain reliable results where breathing modes ranges; Normal breathing Holding breath Deep breathing The dependent variable, which will be varying in each set, is the heart rate, where to guarantee its accuracy there is a need for several five recordings per minute. Procedure: Initial set involved taking normal breathing pulsation using heart rate monitor per minute and tabulating the five trials in a table prior computing the averages (Telles, Nilkama & Acharya 3). This entailed keen observation meant to ensure consistency of the data. Second measurement encompassed holding the breath for a long period as one would, then tabulating the data within one minute five times to complete the set and calculate the mean. Third set involved breathing deeply for one minute and compute as other sets before taking the average, then followed by computation of the five trials from the three sets. Lastly, there was compiling of the whole class individual records for the three sets coupled with final calculations. Final computations encompassed mean, median standard deviations, modes and diverse graphs to depict their correlations clearly (Telles, Nilkama & Acharya 2). Data Collection Individual data Table 1: Table for the three sets recorded for five trials. Trials 1 2 3 4 5 Normal set 76.00 75.00 73.00 75.00 76.00 Average 75.00 Holding breath set 75.00 75.00 77.00 69.00 72.00 Average 73.60 Breathe Deeply set 80.00 76.00 78.00 79.00 78.00 Average 78.20 Whole class average Table 2: Table for Whole class average Rest Hold Breath Breathe Deeply 86.40 84.80 106.80 67.00 65.00 63.00 78.50 74.50 72.50 74.00 84.00 84.00 60.40 74.20 69.00 67.40 73.30 80.30 73.80 79.00 68.20 68.40 69.00 76.20 64.40 72.40 69.20 64.80 68.40 86.20 82.60 83.00 87.40 68.60 76.40 66.60 88.75 102.25 86.00 75.00 73.60 78.20 71.00 73.30 62.00 78.00 74.50 64.80 NB: - Data Assumes 2 Decimal Places. The results attained all through the sets depict varied alterations from the expected statistics, which emanates from uncontrolled breathing. Since, students possess diverse breathing capacities in each set, besides varied body metabolisms that occurred internally during the research. Data Processing and Presentation Individual Data Averages computations for three sets Normal set = (76 +75+73+75+76)/5 =75.00 Deep Breathe = (80+76+78+79+78)/5 = 78.20 Holding Breathe = (75+75+77+69+72)/5 = 73.60 1. Graphical representations Figure 1: The average is 75.6 for the three sets (Normal, Hold Breathing and Deep breathing) Figure 2: The Median is 76 for the three sets (Normal, Hold Breathing and Deep breathing) Whole class average i. Data Statistical Computations results Total students (n) = 48 Mode = 68.4 & 64.8 (having most occurrences in the data) Variance = 93.296 Standard deviation = 9.659 Skewedness = 1.116 (Implying the data is positive- obtained from plotting and depicted in the separate Excel spread sheet). Mean = 75.356 Minimum = 60.400 1st Quartile = 68.400 Median =73.900 3rd Quartile = 80.875 Maximum = 106.800 2. Graphical representations Figure 3: Histogram data depicting distribution presentation for the No. of students vs. Heart rate. Figure 4: Whole class Median Representation for the three sets. Figure 5: Whole class Average Representation for the three sets. Mean/average for the whole class comes from computing each set’s average and dividing by three, e.i Resting/Normal set = 73.06563 Hold breathe set = 76.72813 Breathe deeply set = + 76.275 226. 06876 Average = 226. 06876/3 = 75.35625 Correlation illustration The depiction of correlation graphically is in separate Excel spreadsheet attached besides the graphs earlier drawn, which illustrates all aspects of the data plus the relationship they have. The correlation encompasses standard deviation, mean, median and skewness for a class of 48 students whose heart rate distribution is in one single plotting. The maximum figure is far beyond a normal person’s pulsation range due to uncontrolled breathing in the respective set. Hence, the % error for the maximum figure; (106.80-100)/100 x 100 = 6.8% The minimum value is accurate since = 60.40. Conclusion and Evaluation 1. Individual data analysis Table 1 depicts the three sets of breathing timed per minute, where the initial set is normal breathing with five trials ranging from 73 to 76 and its average being 75 (Camm 47). The results exemplify a healthy person at rest whose heart pulsation is not subjective to any “stress”, hence having almost close readings throughout the process. Stress here implies any factor that may trigger either augmented or decreased pulsation. Normal set pulsation is within the acceptable range of a normal human, which ranges amid 60 and 70 (Bpm) (Telles, Nilkama & Acharya 6). Mainly, physically active people their pulsation may be at 75 Bpm due to Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), which is responsible for keeping pulsation at 75 Bpm, but others rates, may range between 60 – 100 Bpm. According to individual normal data attained, it is relatively commendable especially when one is at rest or relaxed and having no either internal or external stress. In Table 1: For the second set is less than the standard set, where ranges are amid 69 – 77 and its mean heart pulsation decreases to 73.6 Bpm. The results are in accordance with holding breath hypothesis, which states to a reduced heart rate (Camm 76). Holding breathing either exhaling or inhaling activates PNS, thus contributing to decreased heart pulsation; usually called bradycardia. Holding breath forms a negative pressure in one’s thorax, which yields to the inflation of the heart. Here blood takes a long time to fill the heart, hence prompting low pulsation (Telles, Nilkama & Acharya 8). Table 1: 3rd set entails deep breathing where according the data ranges 76 to 80 Bpm and its average 78.2 Bpm; more augmented than the previous two sets. This is divergent to deep breathing hypothesis, which argues that deep breathing decreases heart rate, since it arouses vagal nerve, which emanates from the brain extending to the heart and is conscientious for regulating heart pulsation (Camm 45). The rapid and uncontrolled deep breathing contributes to the augmented pulsation, which is evident from the results depicted in Table 1. To shun this occurrence, effective control is necessary, such that students never over exceed each set’s exercise. Figures 1 & 2 depict both average and median fluctuations meant for the three sets, where holding breath set has high oscillations of the three. This yields from the absence of effective breathing control, where besides causing augmenting heart rate deviates from the normal line in both figures (Telles, Nilkama & Acharya 10). Breathing deeply compared with normal has higher fluctuations though not divergent from the experiment’s hypothesis, which slightly nears the normal line. Normal mean and the median is 75.6 & 76 respectively almost close to the normal human 75 Bpm. 2. Whole class data analysis According to the offered data, the class’ average and media of heart rate is 75.356 & 73.900 Bpm correspondingly, whereas its mode is 68.4 & 64.8. The data’s distribution lies evidently in 75.8 as exemplified by Histogram in Figure 3, where it implies that most students’ heart pulsation falls in this class. The histogram extreme 106.6 class results from uncontrolled both deep and holding breathing sets, which is beyond normal human heart pulsation. Figures 4 & 5 exemplify the whole class’ sets fluctuations, which encompass medians and averages. These like earlier depictions; both holding and deep breathing show more fluctuating characteristics than the normal/rest set. Data Errors The normal human pulsation mainly ranges amid 60 to 100Bpm, where in this case almost all the data lies in this range, except just two results. They are; 102.25 & 106.80Bpm, which might have resulted from uncontrolled breathing when a student extends the exercise beyond the limit to the extent of hurting himself or herself. Improvements The three breathing data sets’ collection necessitates keen and effective monitoring, that will deliver reliable results within the standard approximation. The monitoring gadget in this experiment cannot have blame, since the assumption was that it was satisfactorily working. The abounding weakness in this experiment may be in individuals’ state of health prior the exercise that may contribute to abnormal results. Heart rate or pulsation is unswervingly comparative to breathing, where it encompasses diverse ways that offer differing culminations. For instance, deep breathing after pulsation is not similar to normal breathing, since it shows increased rate. However, in this experiment the data depict wide divergence; implying the opposite, since this yielded from uncontrolled breathing. Holding breathing yields to decreased pulsation, hence confirming the experiment’s prior hypothesis; that holding breathing decreases heart rate. Both human and animal heart pulsations principally depend on breathing, where heart’s operations alter with the subjected “stress”. Work Cited Camm, Alan J. Heart Rate Slowing by If Current Inhibition: 5 Tables. Basel: Karger, 2006. Print. Telles, Shirley., Nilkama,l Singh., & Acharya Balkrishna. "Heart Rate Variability Changes During High Frequency Yoga Breathing And Breath Awareness." Biopsychosocial Medicine, 5.1 (2011): 4-10. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. Read More