Biology Essays

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease characterized by a mutation in hemoglobin, resulting in hemoglobin polymerization and resultant cell deformation, especially when there is a deficiency of or low oxygen conditions. Normally, the mutation is in the beta chain and gives rise to hemoglobin S (HbS); 

Therefore cellular senescence i.e. the sudden inhibition of growth in mitotic cells causes impairment of functioning. Cells that are senescent are primarily responsible for aging and age-related disorders owing to a feature of such cells-Senescence associated secretory phenotype.

According to a United Nations report, 250 000 children are born every day, millions of people will be added within this decade and the population of the industrialized world will grow by 56 million while that of the developing world will grow by 900 million (Sadik 2014:1).

Homeostasis is the process in which the body maintains a constant internal environment of the body to ensure optimum functioning. These optimal conditions include; temperature, electrolyte concentrations, pH of body fluids, oxygen level, and carbohydrate concentration. In order to maintain cellular constituents they must be continuously resynthesized so that the constant internal state is maintained.

The standard approaches for cancer treatment are radiation therapy, surgery, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery and radiation are performed at the tumor site and the effects are precise. Oral and parenteral administration for endocrine and chemotherapy produces some systemic effects.

But the first instance of cloning which marked the existence and invention of cloning in our present world refers to the startling announcement made by The Roslin Institute, a biological research institution near Edinburgh, Scotland, on 22nd February 1997, that they have succeeded in cloning a biological identical copy from cells taken from an adult sheep.

Generally, cancer is one of the most frightening diseases in the modern world. It affects different organs of the body. No country seems to be free from the evil effects of cancer disease. Even though medical science has advanced a lot, a complete cure or remedy for cancer diseases is still unavailable.

C. Elegans was also used in this study because it is a eukaryote. This means that it has biological information that may be directly applicable in more complex organisms such as human beings. A eukaryote is small in size and it is estimated to have a genome of 9.7 X-107 base pairs or 97 Megabases.

Chromatography is one of the techniques which are used to separate and identify chemical compounds in biochemistry. This was developed by a Russian botanist, Mikhail Tswett to separate plant pigments in the year 1906 around 50 years after its use by a German chemist, who separated inorganic materials by paper chromatography. 

 Now the survival of the entire organism is dependent on the working of each cell. A cell is composed of many sub-cellular parts or organelles, each with a specific role to fulfill, so no single cell is over-burdened.  Energy demand is met along with significant conservation of energy as well. 

Honey is perhaps the most important natural and sustainable product known to humankind. The chemical composition of honey endows it with various properties and once such property is its antibacterial property i.e. the ability to eliminate or destroy bacterial populations.

Through the invasion of the intestinal epithelial tissues in humans, C. coli causes the disease; nonetheless, the precise manner in which C. coli induces pathogenicity is not yet fully comprehended. C. coli's virulence has been scrutinized by a number of assays in this research.

Normally, an individual who is most suited for a certain environment survives better there. This is the same phenomenon in natural selection. Those species that were adapted to live in a specific environment survived while the rest died due to the unfavorable conditions. Those that survived lived to reproductive age.

Inflammation is not only a basic but also a complicated procedure that guards the body by getting rid of both the source together with outcomes of injuries, such as toxins, microbes as well as necrotic cells. Thus, circulating cells, plasma proteins, together with tissue phagocytes (defenders of the body against foreign invasion) ought to be engaged in the extravascular space so as to free the organism of these factors.

The bacteria has two distinct life cycles, one of which is the environment where they attach onto the surface of copepod crustaceans, acquiring strength in numbers by using the formation of bio-films on the copepod’s surface as a protective barrack to survive unfavorable conditions.

Since the beginning, HIV/AIDS has been accompanied by the epidemics of denial, ignorance, fear which results in discrimination and stigmatization against people leaving with HIV and AIDS and also their relatives. It is important to note that HIV and AIDS-related stigma bear discriminatory actions that embrace the spread of HIV and AIDS. 

The disorder is treated with family, group, and individual therapies, massage therapies, fish oil supplements, and antidepressants. These treatments reduce anxiety, depression, and unhealthy obsessions while they increase body weight and self-esteem that makes individuals long for being healthy.

Dolphins are like most other marine animals very social. Dolphins will often hunt together as it improves their odds of acquiring food. Unlike most animals, dolphins will often cooperate in the search for mates choosing to work in pairs (O'dell, 2010).

Tissue growth and replacement of broken tissues are because of this process. According to studies, tissue engineering attaches to four main aspects that relate to cells, growth factors that relate to the development of cells, scaffolds, and the whole environment, and its mechanical relations.

Cases of trauma in pregnancies continue to be amongst the most challenging tasks for most doctors in the world since it means that two lives are at stake; the life of the mother and that of the fetus. They both stand a risk of death and hence they require proper evaluation and management at all times.

Mouthwash is one of the strategies for ensuring oral hygiene. It is known by names such as mouthwash, oral rinse, mouth rinse, or oral bath. Mouth wash in itself is a liquid solution put in the mouth, gargled, or swirled. In most cases, mouthwash is never meant to be swallowed.

These ACE inhibitor drugs are also known as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are pharmaceutical drugs often used to treat congestive heart failure and hypertension. Currently, there exist 11 approved ACE inhibitors for therapeutic use in the US and across the world.

Manufactured in the roots of the plant belonging to the Solanaceae family Nicotineis stored in the leaves of plants which are crushed dried and used. In addition to its wide-ranged utilization as a stimulant drug; nicotine is also used as a means to avoid gracing animals in the field. Hence it has a wide range of effects in the insecticide industry as well.

Heart failure is one of the most deadly diseases known to man It is also preventable and treatable where appropriate therapies are applied. The study was conducted with an understanding of the efficacy of three major interventional drugs namely ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and endothelin receptor antagonists.

The body materials that are hereditary are also found in the human body cells and can duplicate themselves. Cells have numerous parts that have special and different functions on each of them. (Yashon & Cummings, 2012) These parts that are known as organelles perform specific tasks and are structured within the cell.

Once they are absorbed into the colonic epithelial cells, they undergo metabolism. The remaining SCFAs move on to the liver where metabolism also occurs in the hepatocytes. Their effects and functions are diverse and the subject of numerous studies. It is through their effects that the review looks at the nuclear response factor-2 (NRF-2). 

The damages that are protected against by the factor are that occur due to injury and also inflammation. The drugs that are used in the treatment in the factor are those that cause by the oxidative stress. 

Based on the information available today, killing embryos for stem cell research is ethically sound. A critical analysis of the controversial issue of both sides of the debate reveals that stem cell research has got more pros than cons, and the destruction of embryos may turn out to be a small sacrifice to make.

Various disciplines within the biomedical science carry out various tests. The disciplines are anatomy, bacteriology, endocrinology, epidemiology, histology, immunology, mycology, and parasitology. The paper explains the different qualifications to be biomedical practitioners in the National Health Service. 

Both articles have evident weaknesses and strengths. Denize ends up using quotations and ideas from different people hence he spends little time and effort to do in-depth analysis on his topic. This shows some of the points in his article, were not from his own perspective of the matter but a conclusion of different perspectives. 

The infecting agent and symptoms should naturally wane within a few days, although they still have caused death among the elderly and immunocompromised individuals because the disease makes the infected person more susceptible to bacterial infection. In fact, it has caused several plagues, claiming the lives of as much as 20-50 million people worldwide.

While molecular biology is determined on an understanding of the molecular activities within a living organism, the study of biochemistry focuses on the findings obtained as a result of the molecular biology thus enhancing the knowledge on the different molecular and cellular processes within the living organism (Wilson & Walker, 2010, p.1).

While these products have brought about a revolution in the manner in which worldly affairs are conducted, they at the same time have created a race for the constant need of energy sources for the accomplishment of all these requirements. The pace of inventions is an unfolding one and experiments are conducted on a daily basis for the purpose of new inventions.

The first experiment investigates the effects of variables such as agar depth, presences of salt, and inoculums size on the size of inhibition zones. On the other hand, experiment 2 attempts to investigate the repeatability of the essays using two different methods of antibiotic application to the discs.

Secondly, the study will conduct interviews amongst the building occupants to audit the overall likability of houseplants. Finally, the study will probe the overall reduction of costs in terms of maintenance of houseplants as compared to conventional air purifiers.

Selected regions of the cerebrum control speech, hearing, and memory, learning motor and sensory areas. The cerebral cortex controls reasoning, language, and language processes. Other parts of the brain such as cerebellum and medulla control movement and involuntary processes (heart rate, breathing, and swallowing) respectively.

However, teenage athletes require even more calories to support their increased activity. In the food menu above we have catered for high energy requirements by giving high portions of whole grains that are rich in energy and fiber. They included whole grains, pasta, bread, and spaghetti.

It is a tube made up of ringed cartilages known as hyaline at sides and front to keep it open always. The ringed cartilages are not complete at the back because of the position of the esophagus to allow expansion of the esophagus during swallowing food. The inner membrane known as the mucosa is covered in tinny hairs called cilia and consists of mucus.

Another concept of evolution is that the main determinant of the course of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection involves competition among living organisms; some organisms have features that make them superior in terms of adaptation, survival and extinction, the inheritance of heritable traits, and reproduction.

Nonpoint source pollution is the biggest contributor of pollution and it entails many sources such as trucks, boats, and ships as well as huge areas such as ranches and forest areas. Nonpoint source pollution is a kind of pollution that originates from many diffuse sources and is majorly contributed by land runoff, precipitation, drainage, seepage, or hydrologic modification.

Based on key results obtained, Tideswell is located on a central carboniferous limestone plateau of Peak District (Stroud 2001). Its

The term climate change has been used to mean the same as anthropogenic global warming. However, most extracts, environmental journals, and literature view global warming as a mere surface temperature increase with climate change encompassing global warming along with any other thing affected by the increase in greenhouse gas levels (Friedman, 17).

The different types of cloning are gene cloning, reproductive cloning, and therapeutic cloning.  Embryo cloning is a medical technique that produces monozygotic twins. One or more cells are removed from the fertilized embryo and develop into one or more duplicate embryos creating twins or triplets with duplicate DNAs.

The introduction of such a particular gene which is the DNA portion coding for s particular nucleotide is accomplished by the use of a suitable vector, mostly a nonpathogenic virus that is used as an agent of gene transfer from donor cells of desired characteristics to receiver (Naff 2005,pg.67).

In the process of yeast fission, Schizosaccharomyces pombe that activates the G2/M CDK that dephosphorylation mostly regulates to the conserve deposit Tyr15 in relation to deficiencies of food response and the cell geometry logical transmission. To have a complete view of this cell control, one has to screen analytically for the gene removal that grows in the cells too early into mitosis.

Robert Hooke was mainly responsible for the discovery. He initiated cell biology, which is the scientific study that involves cells. Preceding studies in cell biology involves concepts like; cellular regeneration and unit of life. The cell theory was initiated in 1838, by Mathias Schleiden and also Theodor Schwann. 

Inside the chloroplasts, there are thylakoids arranged in stacks, and the part that is outside the thylakoids is called the stroma. The process is characterized by two reactions. The first reaction is dependent on light and occurs in the thylakoids and the second reaction that is light-independent and occurs in the stroma.

E. coli can also thrive outside the body. Environmental E. coli can spread through defecation as the microorganisms pass out of the body. These two environments are completely opposite of each other. The colon is moderately steady, warm, anaerobic, and supplement rich  (Belay 2009).

MDR- TB is featured with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, without or with first-line drug resistance. XDR- TB is TB resistance to any fluoroquinolone and at least rifampicin and any of the 3 second-line injectables. They are caused by the TB causing organism resistance to TB drugs.

It is worth noting that both these parameters have shortfalls and cannot be exclusively used to diagnose disease but can be used for preliminary prognosis. Creatinine is a waste product not known to possess any physiological function and normally excreted unchanged.