Chemistry Essays

Rana, et al. (2012) suggests that isotopes bring about the existence of elements in many forms for example carbon 12 and carbon 14. Chemically, isotopes of a particular element have similar behaviors under similar circumstances. Due to the difference in their masses, isotopes differ physically, which explains why isotopes can be separated through processes such as fractional distillation.

Compared to paper chromatography, TLC is faster and offers better separation characteristics between the analytes or the chemicals being analyzed.  TLC chromatography technique is a rapid and effective method to detect the presence of chemical substances and identify them with the help of standards.

Thymine is also connected in transmission of genetic information as it is an integral part of DNA. Thymine is a heterocyclic organic compound. It contains a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring. Characteristic properties of heterocyclic compound are therefore seen with analysis of Thymine.

Cylindrospermopsin is a liver toxic alkaloid produced mainly by the cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii albeit the toxin is also produced by Umezakia nations and other bacterial species. This toxic alkaloid is of great concern to the public health sector since it is highly soluble in water because it has both positive and negative charges.

At the moment, a majority of industrial undertakings in acetic acid production are dominated by methanol carbonylation and the oxidation of hydrocarbons such as ethylene, acetaldehyde among others. Advances in acetic acid synthesis and catalysis can be grouped into five broad categories.

Known as the e cigarette, the contraption is meant to aid the smoker in getting off his nasty smoking habit bu giving him the nicotine fix that he so craves, without the negative effects that smoking a cigarette gives. Or does it?

The NFPA diamond with a 0 at 12 o'clock, shows that the liquid will not catch fire, a 2 at 3 o'clock shows that the liquid will undergo violent chemical change under normal conditions, a 4 at 9 o'clock shows that the liquid is deadly and it should not be inhaled or allowed to touch a body part under any condition.

The Results were obtained and tabulated in a table, which was later used in the calculations of the heat energy. The heat energy, which evolved as a result of the reaction, was calculated and the reaction enthalpies were compared for the four acid-base reactions. It is a common phenomenon whenever there is a chemical reaction.

Food emulsions are oil-water dispersion systems, in which Proteins Play The Emulsifying And Emulsion Stabilizing Role. The formation of an emulsion necessitates a high input of energy and the presence of at least one emulsifier in the system in order to aid in reducing the interfacial tension between water molecules and oil molecules.

Ammonia.NH3 is recognized as one of the attractive hydrogens H2 carriers because it has a high hydrogen content of 18% mass, and it is easily liquefied under about 1 MPa of pressure at room temperature. NH3 can react with alkali metal hydrides and generate H2 even at room temperature, resulting in metal amides being formed as reaction products.

However, the stomach contributed to the metabolism of alcohol through the gastric ADH. The alcohol that is fragmented down in the human body is converted to acetaldehyde. After this, the acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid radicals that are also referred to as acetyl radicals.

This leads to a difference in the atomic mass although the atomic number is the same (McKinney, et al, 1995). However, since neutrons are chemically in active, the difference caused by neutrons does not affect the atoms chemically. As a result, isotopes have similar chemical reactions, but only differ physically due to their atomic mass difference.

When stress is applied, ions slide past each other then goes to different directions; ions of the same charge bumps and trying to repel each other; causing the atoms to spread. The material then breaks. In metals, the atomic structure consist more positively charged ions on a flow of negatively charge electrons.

Due to population growth and urbanization, more human activities have significantly contributed to the elevated mercury levels in the environment. It has been reported that more than 2500 tons of mercury emissions occur annually through anthropogenic sources.

These steroid hormones studies on steroid hormones show that hormones have a certain degree of binding affinity to the corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and gestagen receptors. The data reduction was performed based on principle component analysis (PCA). The loaded values are expected to give descriptive information about the descriptors.

As discussed in this paper, titanium alloy exhibits high degree of tensile strength, low weight, and high resistance to corrosion, thermal strength and ease of fabrication at extreme temperatures. However, titanium is highly susceptible to dry chlorine gas, hypochlorite and reducing acids thus limits its production and uses.

These cDNAs are complementary to the messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which encode for various proteins studied by researchers. Prior to that, it is of the essence that one understands what a clone, a library and a vector are with reference to gene cloning. First, cloning is the separation or isolation of the genetically homogenous strain of an organism (Lassen et al., 2005).

This energy is utilized by the molecules to change phase, that is, from the liquid phase into the gas phase. The temperature at which the liquid changes into vapor, in which case, the vapor pressure of a liquid at this temperature equals to the atmospheric pressure, and it is referred to as the boiling point.

They have no electrical charges and light electrons which are negatively charged. The light electrons that are negatively charged are said to occupy the biggest volume of atoms and they determine how a specific atom interacts with other atoms (NSAC, 2009).

An example given by ATSDR is diacetyl which is used to flavor butter and causes constrictive bronchitis. The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) also backs up this with evidence that diacetyl and other food additives have adverse health effects (Barrow 77).

He places a bottle that is turned upside down in a water bath so as to trap some air. A burning candle was placed inside the bottle that reacts with oxygen. Rutherford concluded that the remaining gas was nitrogen. Nitrogen comes from nitro and gen that means niter-forming.

Without the necessary transformation, it would occur difficult for a Franciscan to realize the significance of other associated core values especially as they, in the similar manner, apply to the approach of refining student character and making one adequately capable of handling academic and professional tasks as in the scientific endeavour of exploring studies within the realm of chemistry.

It is worth noting that the quality, concentration, and selection of excipients could directly influence the pharmacotherapy outcome.2 A change in the components such as the change in the quality or quantity of excipients might alter the quality of the finished product, efficacy or quality.

If the yeast is grown in the presence of sodium sulfite, ethanal  (acetaldehyde) accumulates and its presence can be detected. However, under slightly alkaline conditions in the presence of sodium sulfite, pyruvate accumulates but ethanol does not. The sequence of these metabolites during glycolysis in yeast.

No inhalation of the spray should take place. An initial one-metered dose ought to be sprayed below the tongue at an attack’s onset, followed by another metered dose within a period of five minutes should pain relief not occur. It is recommended that it should not exceed two metered doses. To prevent exercise-induced angina and other precipitation-related conditions, at least one metered dose.

The functions of these signals usually form the fundamental basis of life. According to the Biosignaling, the bacterial cells of receive constant signal input from the membrane proteins that are information receptors.

An interesting issue is the development of photochemical smog – a question that has been considered by a number of scientists. To gain a better insight into this matter I will seek to discuss the chemical reactions causing the formation of such a hazardous condition.

This week’s module begins with four activities. First, sodium ferrate will be synthesized using a wet chemical method. Then the yield of sodium ferrate produced will be calculated. Next, Beer’s Law (see Appendix 1) will be used to convert absorbance readings to actual concentration values of ferrate.

Ketobemidone has the ability to calm pains that do not respond effectively to other opioids. This property is attributed to NMDA, which originates from its component, metabolite norketobemidone. Ketobemidone remains a vital pain killer during surgeries and also quells severe pain caused by various ailments like cancer and fractures among others.

Except for hydrogen, all other known stable atoms have protons and neutrons in equal numbers, this balance is absent in the case of isotopes. The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of protons present on its atom, while the atomic mass is calculated based on the present neutrons (Saunders and Katzenberg, 1992).

It proved that high enzyme concentrations and optimum pH levels and temperatures increased enzyme activity. Introduction: Amylase is an enzyme that helps in breaking down starch to form sugars such as maltose and glucose. In human beings it is found in the saliva.

The problems regarding the safety of drugs are a common problem in the existing world today, that is in both developing and developed countries. Some of the incidences have ended up in accidents, most often the children being victims. These are caused by using drugs that contain toxic impunities or substances.

Human beings have a deficiency or defect concerning a neurotransmitter called serotonin. Serotonin is an important messenger molecule in the brain that affects aggression, appetite, impulse control, mood, pain, sleep, and social life.

It is of concern is the fact that these small farms do lack the potential to handle the amount of waste that emanate from their operations. This Trend if unchecked can lead adverse effects on the environmental health. Under the clean water act, the government requires individual to apply for a title in case they want they want to operate any of CAFOs to apply for a permit (Ciravolo p 255).

The victims of the drug worldwide are estimated to range between 10000 and 20000. On the other hand, thalidomide has been recognized as a valuable treatment to other medical conditions and has been prescribed in various other nations. Its use though still remains controversial.

(Earnshaw and Greenwood, p. 109) It has been known since ancient times in its carbonate form as limestone, from which the Romans produced lime, called calyx in Latin. (Helmenstine, p. 1)The metal form of calcium was discovered by the English scientist Sir Humphrey Davy, in his laboratory in London in 1808.

 The outermost electrons, which are involved in bonding (forming or sharing), are represented as dots around the element notation, usually two in number at the four compass directions and the unpaired electron as a single dot occupying any of the locations (Schodek and Bechthold 191 ). 

Center of discussion in this paper is cyclohexanone semicarbazide, a component having a molecular formula written as C7H13N3O, as well as a molecular weight of about 155.1976. Its two dimension structure are represented in following research. Cyclohexanone semicarbazone adopts a distorted conformation chair with a high total puckering of the rings that are numbered.

The alcohol then oxidized and chain extension. This pure intermediate will be used for the preparation of different mycolic acids. Notably, it is worth stating the above experiment can be conducted in different ways including the old method and the recently deduced method. Nonetheless, the products and the intermediary products remain the same. 

TEACHING REFLECTION ESSAY-CHEMISTRY (Author’s name) (Institutional Affiliation) According to Dingrando (2002, p.14), teaching chemistry puts an emphasis on a variety of approaches geared towards identifying goals of education that cover intended targets in the personal, intellectual, and social domains.

An anode material not only enhances the productivity of batteries but also makes it less costly. To comprehend the logic behind the use of anode material it is important to first understand the properties of materials used while analyzing their specific purposes. Moreover, future development requires different ways of improving the anode materials which shall be discussed in this paper. 

Water-based products are available even in regular stores, and benzyl alcohol is a safer substitute for methylene chloride products. 9 There is no lack of safer alternatives as they have existed in the market for several years. 10 What is lacking is the drive of the consumers and the legislative system to ensure that people only use safe products.

The volatility of a hydrocarbon determines the type that is going to be used in the manufacture of gasoline. Crude oil needs distillation and refining to make gasoline because crude petroleum comprises hydrocarbons more or less volatile than gasoline. Gasoline is made up of hydrocarbons molecules hydrogen and oxygen and carbon that can be oxidized to form water and carbon dioxide.

They have given the meaning to life that did not exist prior to them. This was mainly because computing devices possess extremely fast calculating capabilities and imaging mechanisms as a result of which analysis of data has now become possible that could not have even been thought of before the advent of computers.

The next procedure involved the purification of salicylic acid by recrystallization. The next involved the verification of the product to ensure that salicylic acid was produced instead of methyl salicylic. This was done by assessing the TLC and melting points of the product.

It involves the changes of the position of electrons with regards to the formation or breaking of the bonds while the original elements always remain the same. Since there is no change in the original elements present, a chemical reaction can always be represented by an equation. Reagents or reactants are the initial substances that participate in a chemical reaction.

Abstracts I. Degradation of Green Tea Catechins in Tea Drinks (Chen, Zhu, Tsang and Huang 477-482) The aim of this research was to investigate the degradation of Green tea catechins (GTC) such as epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) under various conditions to which they are usually exposed to, during processing and production of canned and bottled tea drinks.

With this on hand, the paper will focus on air pollution, including its cause and effect to the environment and the possible solution in order to lessen or terminate air pollution. 2.0 Air Pollution In brief, air pollution is the emission of harmful gasses to the atmosphere.

The experiment was conducted with the objective of analyzing the stress-strain curve of polymers under the effect of tensile loading (i.e. tensile force application). The testing was done on four different specimens: PE (polyethylene – from a shopping bag), PP (polypropylene – from a plastic folder), Rubber (natural rubber – from a rubber band), and Acetate.