Chemistry Essays

Opioids are morphine-like synthetic drugs that produce the same effect as that of morphine for pain relief, respiratory depression, constipation, and sedation. Opioids antagonists block the (µ, ? and ?) opioid receptors. (Flomenbaum et al. 2006). Opioid antagonists, when administered before treatment, block the opioid agonists by preventing their action.

The health and safety of an individual depend on the integrity of the product on several occasions. The dependants of clinical medicine receive their protection measures from the government-imposed, regulated quality assurance and quality control. However, the defendants, victims and the public receive their protection.

Chemistry can be divided into branches according to either the substances studied or the types of study conducted. Based on the substances studied, it is ramified into organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry. Considering the second-way chemistry is divided into physical chemistry and analytical chemistry.

It is governed by the equations that govern conventional capacitors. The fundamental difference is between it and the conventional capacitor is that it has an extremely large surface area and extremely small insulator (dielectric). This way, it has more energy densities comparable to that of both conventional capacitor and batteries.

Identify ONE paramedic indication, then in the subsequent columns, list the molecular target involved in the identified interaction, the type of interaction (i.e. agonist/antagonist / allosteric modulator/inhibitor), and briefly explain how this interaction of the drug with the molecular target accounts for the observed therapeutic effect for that indication.

No matter how the transformation or change is generated or produced, the voltage will be produced because of the transforming or changing magnetic field strength, moving a magnet away or towards the coil. 2. What is a galvanic cell and how does it work? Galvanic cells collect the electrical energy present from the electron transmission in a redox response or reaction to carry out an important electrical work.

The spectrometer was first used to examine the Sun’s chromospheres during a solar eclipse in India where the resulting spectrum confirmed quantities of hydrogen including yellow stripes which were alleged to characterize sodium elements. Unconvinced by the initial hypothesis, French astronomer Janssen further investigated the matter.,

There is a significant amount of polymers that the produced modified organoclays can be blended with. Modified organoclays are known to be highly dispersible in both polar and non-polar polymers. However, we will use only Polyester TPE of three different grades. This area of research is extremely promising because such systems possess higher dispersion than conventional organoclays do.

The difference is the amount of measure used to quantify the amount of solutes in plasma. One litre of plasma osmolality is equivalent to 1 kilogram of plasma osmolarity. Osmolality in blood tend to increase with the body loss of water. For a normal person the antidiuretic hormone will be under stimulation if there is increased rate of osmolality.

Mechanical cleaning to St 3 is acceptable on block joints and damages to the applied coating system. Any visible salt contamination, oil, grease, dust, weld smoke, or dirt on the shop is to be primed or the other surface is coated; the chloride content on surfaces to be coated shall be within the limit set by the coating manufacturer.

Orally administered, Naloxone undergoes a wide metabolism in normal subjects. It is minimally absorbed when given orally as it is quickly destroyed in the GI tract. Many greater doses are needed when using oral administration for any pharmacologic effect. Naloxone is absorbed in the liver, mainly through glucuronide conjugation, and eventually excreted from the body system in the urine.

As per (Arnold,2011)“Exposure to even small amounts of mercury over a long period may cause negative health effects including damage to the brain, kidney, lungs, and the developing fetus”.

In my case, I was influenced to become a chemical engineer by both the society I live in and my family. I started to think about my future when I was only fourteen. One of my friends invited me to attend his graduation ceremony at UC Berkeley. When his name was called he proudly walked up the stage and received his first class honour degree certificate in biology.

These were the first efficient drugs to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Generally, sulfa drugs contain sulfomide structure. Most of these drugs are antibiotics and they act by inhibiting folic acid biosynthesis. The general structure of sulfa drugs is as indicated in the graphic below.

Cement has been a part of almost everything that man has built to improve his life. The chemistry and technology involved in its production has significantly contributed to the development of the world that we have today. On the other hand, environmental and even occupational issues comes hand-in-hand with this industry.

Aspirin is one of the most widely used compounds in the world. It is used for a number of reasons in the medical community, including as an analgesic and for its blood-thinning properties. Due to its popularity, several different brands of aspirin are on the market, all of which will have different amounts of salicylic acid as their active ingredient.

Investigations on crystal structure and mechanism of AlkB have involved the use of both native and recombinant protein. Recombinant enzyme, entire as well as truncated form is produced through homologous expression; the former cloned in pET21b vector and expressed in BL21 (DES) competent cells; while the latter cloned in pET30a vector and expressed in BL21 competent cells.

Gas laws play a significant role in everyday life. The laws have a significant influence on the lives of living organisms. The atmospheric pressure, respiratory system of living organisms, etc all work according to the ideas detailed in the gas laws. Under an uncontrollable condition, gas a high-pressurized gas can be as dangerous as a nothing in the world.

Using novel methods in separation science, analytes in bodily fluids can be qualified and quantified within a matter of a few minutes. The most widely used techniques include HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS methods of separation and analyses. In addition to these, chromatographic variants such as electrophoresis (capillary and SDS-PAGE) and TLC are frequently used. Liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extractions, shakeout and partitioning have been the age-old procedures to achieve separation.

Generally, there are two ways of producing modified proteins. Usually, turns and loops are the first areas of interest while considering the engineering of new binding sites. Modifications are done either by creating new binding sites introducing random mutations on the surface of strands, helices or randomization of already existing regions that connect secondary structures.

Issues have been raised regarding toxicological properties of these natural compounds, detection of their presence in water, and subsequent removal. The unprecedented structural features of these alkaloids consist of a uracil ring covalently linked to a sulfonated tricyclic guanidine. This review is initially focused on the isolation of these natural products then moving on.

Over the past twenty five years significant increase in data regarding singlet oxygen has led to the recognition of its importance in organic chemistry, biochemistry and medicine. Singlet oxygen is an extremely reactive, nonradical, electrophilic molecule. Its electron arrangement is different from abundant normal diradical triplet oxygen.

The paper aims to gain a proper understanding of reservoirs and their function in the society in order to better appreciate the literature relating to the impact of reservoirs in the UK on the surrounding community. This will allow for a better grasp of the issues relating to their impact on communities in which they are built and to which they supply water for drinking and household activities.

This paper discusses supramolecular polymers in general and hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers in particular. Molecular recognition, mechanism of polymerization and self-assembly processes of supramolecular polymers are also reviewed. This paper also provides a brief overview of their rheology and applications.

The research was aimed at construction of adsorption isotherms of chlorhexidine to flax and cotton fibres. Such isotherms are common in describing adsorption and comparing the performance of different adsorbates and adsorbents. In this particular work the amount of chlorhexidine was presented as a function of concentration at constant temperature.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the following: Description of Major Incidents such as King’s Cross fire, Kaprun fire disaster and 1995 Baku Metro fire; A critical analysis on chemical explosions (or fires); Toulouse chemical explosion; Consequences of explosions and a critical appraisal of the discussion.

The second part X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Powder X-ray. Powder X-ray diffraction is among the primary methods, which are used by solid-state chemists and mineralogists to examine physic-chemical build-up of solids, which are unknown to them. The data is denoted in a group of single-phase X-ray powder diffraction forms of three strong D values in table form (Khan 24).

The research question will be addressed through research at a single hospital where individual staff members will be interviewed for their perceptions on the problem. Additionally, patients will be observed for evidence of intoxication, and the proportion of injuries that were influenced by alcohol consumption will be determined from department records.

The target series of compounds was produced through reductive amination between four amines and a dialdehyde produced from α-D-glucopyranose. The amines that were used in the project are: butyl amine, benzyl amine, L-phenylalanine and Tyrosine-OMe.

Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Singlet and triplet oxygen 4 Formation of singlet oxygen 6 Type I and Type II oxidation pathways 8 Photosensitizers 10 Aromatic hydrocarbons and organic dyes 10 Phthalocyanines, porphyrins and other tetrapyroles 14

Cylindrospermopsin is regarded as an important algae toxin that has been associated with the contamination of surface water. CYN is chemically classified as a tricyclic alkaloid composed of a tricyclic guanidine moiety joined with hydroxymethyluracil. CYN is a natural toxin that is usually produced by certain species majorly Cylindrospermopsin raciborskii and Umezakia natans among others.

Rearranging equation 2 would result in a linear equation where energy would be y and frequency would be x with k2 as slope and -k1 as the y-intercept. Because of this, the energy calculated was plotted against the respective frequency. Linear regression was done which resulted in a fit with an R2 equal to 0.9632.

Introduction Reports on 6th October reveal that the EQ Industrial Services plant located at Apex, a suburb of Raleigh in North Carolina, suffered a big chemical explosion attack. The explosion was preceded by fire followed by additional number of explosions that caused air contamination due to the toxic fumes that were emitted from chlorine.

Mining industries around the globe are under constant scrutiny as far as the treatment of contaminated water is concerned. There is mounting pressure for mining industries to adopt effective and advanced methods that are environmentally sustainable. Water management has often been the most challenging, as well as long term environmental liability.

Almost, all the sectors including finance, retail, and communication segments of businesses are enormously being affected by e-commerce activities. It can broadly be stated that e-commerce has dramatically changed business modes by a significant level. With the increase in the number of internet users, the popularity of e-commerce has been significantly increased to a greater extent.

Such toxicity hazards from seafood are recognized internationally when they are from marine algae (diatoms and dinoflagellates), but nowadays few risk assessments for Cylindrospermopsin in seafood have been conducted. This paper estimates the risk from Cylindrospermopsin contaminated seafood and provides strategies for safe human consumption.

Emirates Telecommunications Corporation – Etisalat has adopted a strategy of outsourcing information technology to gain a competitive edged in the telecommunications market in UAE and the Middle East. A research study has been carried out to find the relationship between outsourcing of IT adopted as a strategic initiative and profitability.

: Acid Rain “Acid rain is a worldwide environmental issue that has seriously destroyed forest ecosystems” (Liu et al). When rain water consists of excessive acid content, we call it as acid rain. The development of industries, power plants and the increased use of automobiles have polluted the atmosphere immensely and as a result of that the normal structure of the atmosphere has been changed a lot.

Nanocomposites are polymers containing particles in the matrix that possess at least one dimension of the dispersed particles in the nanometer range (<100 nm), and these materials have been demonstrated to have unique, versatile, and superior mechanical properties as well as commercially viable cost ranges compared to original polymer/filler composites.

These compounds are classified based on their chemical structure into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Apart from the fact that carbohydrates are energy bundles in the form of glucose, recent studies have identified several therapeutic benefits, especially among the higher polysaccharides. 

Once crude oil is extracted it is itself a mixture of various lighter factions of organic liquids. The composition of crude oil varies from location to location through the change is not highly significant. The commonest factions that compose crude oil are generally alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds that are constituted from sulfur.

Clonidine is metabolized by the liver and degrades into four main metabolites when exiting the body in the urine. Currently, only p-hydroxyclonidine is identified by clinical research as present in the urine as a byproduct of the degradation reaction of Clonidine in patients. (DrugBank, 2011)

The hypothesis to verified in this experiment can be stated as; Increase in concentration result in increase in the rate crystallization In this experiment, copper sulfate solutions with varying concentration are used to see whether there is a relationship between concentration and the rate of crystallization.

Aldol condensation proceeds via an addition reaction between an aldehyde and a ketone, resulting in the formation of an aldol. The aldol product undergoes dehydration to give an enone product. In the present experiment, benzaldehyde, an aldehyde, reacts with acetone, a ketone, to give dibenzalacetone.

Hence all efforts must be channeled to find a robust vaccine for preventing it. Hence, research in this area is going at an intense pace in recent years. But unfortunately, there are no foolproof vaccines that have been formulated yet. A vaccine by the name RTS S/AS01, which was put to trial in 2009, is specifically addressed to vulnerable children in the Third World.

The experiment was meant to identify various gases by investigating their physical and chemical properties. Some chemical reactions or chemical decomposition reactions result in the production of gaseous products. For instance, hydrogen gas can be prepared in the laboratory through the reaction of a reactive metal and a strong acid.

since during the manufacturing of the drug various factors such as change in temperature and moisture can alter its toxicity, actions, kinetics and dynamics as well.(Giron,2002).To understand the solid state properties and the key to efficient characterization of the compound is to formulate a strategic technique and elaborate analytical programs that enables us to understand the chemical, structural, energetic and physical states of the compound.(Lee,2003) Fundamental properties that need to be analyzed in a solid dosage form Test Method/ function Characterization Fundamental properties 1) UV spectroscopy Simple assay 2) Solubility Phase solubility/ purity 3) Melting point DSC-polymorphism

Generally enzymes are classified into six different groups; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases. Sphingomyelinases (SMase) are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of sphingomyelin, which is also known as ceramide phosphorylcholine into ceramide and phosphorylcholine (Goni and Alonso 38).

In the latter literature presented therein, we would fundamentally look into various methods and definitions employed to exactly what heat and temperature are with regards to the kinetic theory of matter and how they particularly influence this law.

X-ray Crystallography. Prior to the discovery of X-rays in 1895 (Nelson), the general concept about the crystals was that these consist of an orderly arrangement of atom, ions or molecules. As there was no definite clue, only a general imaginary concept about these crystals prevailed.