The specific factors of the Turkish culture - Dissertation Example

?EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The paper is a study of the specific factors within the Turkish culture which are significant enough to determine the career choices of the subjects. The researcher has observed that certain socio-cultural factors in Turkey, such as duties towards the family, social obligations, cultural taboos, force an individual to go into the careers which would not be adopted otherwise. One feels obliged to surrender before the social expectations. The researcher has raised a question on the dominance of these cultural aspects upon an individual’s professional selection and has questioned the role of a career counsellor in this regard. Thus, this paper aims to find out the role of cultural trends in the career preference, clashes between personal choices and social demands as well as standing role of a career counsellor in this entire process. For the purpose, the researcher has limited this research to 30 managers across the country including both male and females and the problems that they had to face during the career decision ages of their lives. It is believed that this study can prove profitable as it a practical study of the crucial matters that affect young individuals deeply. Some light will be thrown upon the influences of various cultural aspects upon one’s personality that lead to typical career choices. The expectations of the society that hinder in the way of personal choice will also be analysed. The dilemma can only be solved with a pragmatic approach that is the basic aim of this research. The researcher has planned to do this study in a combination of qualitative and quantitative paradigm and has selected a questionnaire having 20 questions (comprising 10 open-ended and 10 close-ended questions) as the major research tool. The gathered data is to be analysed in narrative form. The paper will comprise of four chapters: the first chapter will cover the introduction of the topic, its background, the research question, aims and objectives, limitation and the rationale of the topic. The second chapter will analyse the previous theories and studies in this regard. In the next chapter, the researcher will explain the research process that will be adopted as well as the data collection and analysis processes. In the last chapter, a general overview of the study will be made to summarize the findings and to conclude the study with logical arguments. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Career counselling is a challenging field that has to take in view each and every aspect that may or may not affect the personal abilities, potential and aptitude of subjects’ lives. A Career is a notion that needs much thought and planning before jumping in the arena as the financial and economic health as well as the physical and mental satisfaction of a person highly depends upon it. Thus, when the high time comes, and one is referred to a career counsellor, then the person is actually considering his future seriously. A counsellor can provide with an impartial and objective view of one’s own possibilities as well as some certain profitable ways to utilize them so that one may not plunge into something to regrets later. However, everything is not determined by personal choices and skills. There are other factors, more affective and powerful, that have to be considered before taking such an important decision of one’s life. A career counsellor has the responsibility to point out these factors to the subjects elaborately. These factors include the usual business fields offered in the convenient area, the availability of the needed education and training facilities, the usual trends and the possibility of the availability of vacant posts in future in that particular field, and also an acceptance from the society. The researcher thinks that the last factor affect much as it hold the power of cultural norms, traditions and customs in which the subject has lived for quite a while, and certainly the chosen profession must have to come in terms with the cultural acceptance and proposals. 1.1 BACKGROUND Culture occupies central role in a person’s life. It affects a man externally as well as internally as he grows living in it. Thus, when a man reaches his prime he is a walking embodiment of his culture. Therefore it is believed that the culture plays an important role in every important decision of his life, including the career selection. The researcher has selected to apply personal beliefs on Turkish individuals. Turkey is a country with extraordinarily rich culture. Due to it being rapidly developing and consequently continuously changing possibilities, its culture is accepting new and advanced norms. However, the researcher believes that there are still some factors that do not allow the u-turns in the selection of careers. It has been noted that this is the thing particularly in the case of female subjects. Being the symbol of beauty and delicacy, it had always been a predetermined notion that they cannot take part in laborious works. The researcher has also noted that there are some cultural restrictions other than their own willingness that do not allow them to go for these jobs. Also, there are some indications that male members of the society also face some societal expectations that bound them to select from a particular set of careers. The idea is to investigate these matters more elaborately and objectively so that cultural reasons for these sorts of limited choices can be figured out. Thus, the researcher has aimed this study to the elucidate the problems that a young student faces when he or she pass out of the college in deciding what profession to choose keeping in view the cultural acceptance. 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION The researcher will try to find out the answers of the following queries: 1. Is culture a dominating factor in shaping career choices in a particular community? 2. Does the Turkish Culture cast any influential impact upon its peoples while they start deciding which career to adopt for future? 3. Are there some particular factors within the Turkish culture that possess the power to persuade career choices? 4. Can a career counsellor help such individuals out? 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The researcher is going to analyse above mentioned research questions keeping in view the following aims and objectives: 1. To find out if the culture affects the income planning of the peoples involved 2. To determine the role of cultural influences in determining the general trends of career choices in a particular community 3. To see if these factors come in a clash with the personal potential and aptitude of the individuals 4. To find out the particular role of a counsellor in tackling such a situation 1.4 RATIONALE This study holds great attraction for the researcher as it is believed that this dissertation will be able to highlight certain special features within the Turkish culture that are shaping the economic designs of the community. It is further deemed that once these particular features of Turkish culture are located, this study can provide the basis for further elaborate research in the impacts as well as hazards of these effective factors in a general culture. This study may open new insight into the vulnerable side of human psyche that is so much affected by living and dealing in a particular set of traditions and norms for so long that the individuals seem it usually impossible to find and set new trends. 1.5 LIMITATIONS Though this study is of wider aspects, the researcher feels that it would be practical to conduct it on a limited set of population. For this purpose, the researcher is going to select a particular territory in Turkey where the specific cultural factors as well as the general trends of the people’s professions will be studied. 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE PAPER After introducing the subject matter, the research questions as well as aims and objectives of the study incorporated in Chapter I, the researcher is going to bring into light various researches done so far on the subject in Chapter II. The factors affecting the choice of career will be analysed as a next step with a special reference to that of the individuals’ cultural influences in this chapter. In Chapter III, the researcher is going to plan the methodology that is going to be adopted for the particular study as well as the data collection and data analysis methods and devices so that to determine the technical needs of the study. Chapter IV will be used to present the data, collected and organized, with the help of various presentation devices. Chapter V will present the conclusion of the study with an overview. 1.7 CONCLUSION To summarize, the researcher is going to maintain if specific features within Turkish culture of an individual that cause an individual to go for a particular profession or not. The researcher is hoping to find out the basic and the most powerful influences that make the people set trends in the selection of professional careers in an area. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW The topic of this research is about the specific aspects and features within the Turkish culture that has probably determined the general trend of career selection in Turkey. As the researcher is aware of the fact that culture is not an autonomous entity, it forms a complicated net with other aspects of society that intermingle to produce the current trends in any territory (Brown, 2002). The researcher is interested in analysing these affecting factors and features working with full force in a Turkish society that are giving shape to most of the recent selections of careers. In this chapter, the researcher is going to give a detailed analysis of the cultural and social aspects that are affecting job selection throughout the world. The used information will be related to the topic at hand. The focus will be on the various factors that intermingle to form culture, as well as their combined affects in shaping the personalities of the peoples living in it and the affects regarding the selection of particular career. 2.1 CAREER COUNSELLING Career counseling holds a very challenging role in accordance with the culture. According to National Career Development Association, it is “…the process of assisting individuals in the development of a life-career with focus on the definition of the worker role and how that role interacts with other life roles" (1997, p. 1). Many researchers, such as Ryan (1999), Oliver & Spokane (1988) and Spokane & Oliver (1983), claim that it has been found very effective in serving customers to become more job decided and in making occupational choices. There are some other researchers, such as Stead (2004) and Fouad and Bingham (1995), who imply that by inserting culture in a career counseling process, we only complicate the process. They suggest that “culture is endemic to the career counseling process itself” (McMahon & Patton, 2006: p.49). They stress upon personal aptitude and skills as the major factors that should be considered in counseling individuals about careers. “Every person cannot be everything” (Cheatham, 1990: p. 56) and therefore, one should treat every single person separately and irrespective of other people. However, the researcher believes that a career counselor should be aware of the cultural obligations and reservations of a particular individual in order to guide that person to the most productive direction. 2.2 CULTURE A culture is a set of habits and points of views that directs a man’s life. According to Hofstede, culture is “…a collective programming of the human mind that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another” (1980, p. 21). Cultures of the world differ from one another only in their contents; they regulate the lives of their individuals in almost same fashion. Man is not considered isolated from his culture; it becomes his recognition because he acquires his social standing by accepting this particular set of rules. 2.3 CULTURE AND WORK Work and culture had always been interrelated. Man works to form a culture that further directs what he should or should not work. A culture sets a particular set of rules and customs that make it obvious to all how they have to behave and perform in particular situations. According to Cook and Carter, “…from a cultural frame of reference, work is a functional aspect of life in that individuals contribute their skills and labor to their cultural societies and the maintenance of their families" (1992: p. 199). Thus, the worth of a work or job, its meanings as well as the societal expectations from a worker reflects the cultural boundaries of the society in which he moves. Different researchers, such as Cheatham (1990) and Smith (1983) have emphasized that the term ‘work’ implies different concepts across sets of individuals as an occupation of their socio-cultural identity. For example, today one can adopt the profession of a dancer without any objection in most of the Western cultures, whereas it is still the ‘most objectionable’ occupation in some of the Eastern countries, chiefly the Islamic ones. Thus, the culture directs the persons living in a particular society top avoid the banned not-accepted careers to avoid social ban. 2.4 Convenience Convenience is a sort of socio-personal factor that affects the job selection a lot. People tend to select a job most convenient to them in many ways. The most impressing element is that of convenience of social image. For example, it is still considered in most part of the world that the safest and the most respectable part for females after household is that of teaching. Especially in the Asian and Eastern countries, ladies grow up considering being a teacher or a doctor (Countries and Their Culture, 2005). 2.5 CULTURAL TABOOS Taboos are the things not accepted in a particular set of social traditions. It is something banned and prohibited that earns bad reputation only to the doers. Thus, the worker can commit a taboo by selecting such a prohibited job in many cultures. For example, still there are many parts of the world where fashion industry and electronic media, especially singing, is not considered as respectable to work in. This is specially the case in Eastern, chiefly Islamic, countries who consider it their insult if their children adopt singing profession or dance. Similarly, the modelling is a taboo that is ‘a mere show of prostitutes’. 2.6 FAMILY TRENDS Family holds strong connections in some cultures, as in Turkey. They provide support and help whenever one feels lone and devastated. However, the researcher feels that these families can also cause problems when the issue of career selection is raised. It is usually in the way that the parents want their child to go into the ‘family businesses. If the parents are doctors, their utmost desire as well as demand would be that their children go into the same business (Gainor & Lent, 1998). Similarly a pastor would want his son to follows at his heels only. Come parents also force their children to fulfil their own unfulfilled desires regarding career. Thus, familial bonds and duties also cause individuals to back away their own personal interest and go for the one suggested and requested by their families. However, it has been noted that they cannot do justice mostly. A feeling of unenthusiastic tiredness is a common complain. 2.7 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS The technological trend also inhibits some people to accept and embrace the profession of their choice. For example, the engravers are backed away by the modern machines. Moreover, the society demands that a person should follow the mainstream and the distracters are not considered good (Helms, 1999). For example, the development in the computational and engineering fields has caused a distinctive decrease in the numbers of people who want to go for Medicine. Thus, a society demands from its individuals to accept the new trends to sustain their positions. 2.8 OTEHR FACTORS There are many other social factors that make a person change his personal choice. The availability of the vacant posts and the prospect of good earning are two important factors that one has to consider while making a career choice. The responsibility of a family makes the matter much more important. Thus, an individual feels reluctant to go into a field of his own choice unless it promises good income and a respectable position in the society. The researcher has felt that the culture of Turkey makes an extra emphasis on such a matter. The division between Rural and Urban classes (also Upper, Middle and Lower) depends upon the nature and status of the jobs. The lowers classes do the ordinary jobs such as housekeeping, etc. The middle class go for the government jobs and school teaching. Whereas the upper class go for the professions of doctor, engineers, university teaching, etc (Countries and Their Culture, 2005). 2.9 CONCLUSION In this chapter, the views of other researchers and studies have been observed. The observations of the cultural aspects of the Turkish culture are also made in particular so that the possible effects can be compared with the Turkish culture. 3.0 METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the researcher is going to discuss the technical and practical details of his research. The methodology that is going to be adopted to conduct this study will be explained, keeping in view the research paradigm as well as various data collection and presentation methods. The ethical issues that the researcher will consider while conducting this research will also be discussed here. The researcher will also probe the validity and reliability of the research tools that is going to be used. 3.1 Research Philosophy Research philosophy is the part of the research planning in which the researcher has to determine the order of his research. The researcher is going to adopt the inductive approach in this study. The effects of specific aspects of Turkish culture will be examined and then hypothesis will be built on the basis of these observations. This hypothesis will then be testified by collecting and analysing data. This will enable the researcher to put forward a theory for others researchers to evaluate and confirm later. 3.2 Research Paradigm Research paradigm is the set of beliefs or a pattern of thought that the researcher feels willing to follows while conducting his research. According to Guba and Lincoln, “A paradigm may be viewed as a set of basic beliefs … that deals with ultimate or first principles. It represents a worldview that defines for its holder, the nature of the “world”, the individual’s place in it, and the range of possible relationships to that world and its parts” (1994 :p. 107-108). They had stated three fundamental questions that define a basic research paradigm: 1. The ontological question deals with the form and nature of the facts. 2. The epistemological question deal with the fundamental values about the present information. 3. The methodological question decides the methods that i.e. how can the researcher go about finding out whatever s/he believes can be known. In the view of these three basic questions, the researcher has to select from four basic research paradigms: Realism, Positivism, Constructivism, and Pragmatism. Realism is the paradigm that tends to accept the facts and favours practicality and exact truth. Positivism bases all facts on gained knowledge. Constructivism emphasizes self observation and self experiences as a reliable source of information. Pragmatism is the principle that realistic and practical consequences are the criterion of information, sense and worth. As the researcher is indulging into something of practical worth, the principals of the pragmatism will be followed in this research. 3.3 Research Design A research design refers to the ways in which “an inquiry is structured, comparisons among the variables are made and hypotheses are tested”. It moves towards to the inquiry through two ways: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative design uses such a set of research practices in which the facts are obtained from a comparatively smaller group of respondents and is not examined with arithmetical techniques. It “…derives data from observation, interviews, or verbal interactions and focuses on the meanings and interpretations of the participants.” (Holloway and Wheeler, 1995: p. 223-232) This requires watchfulness, neutrality and reasonability in the interpretation of the composed data in a descriptive form. On the other hand, a quantitative research uses the assortment and analysis of numerical data to recognize statistical associations of variables in a nonflexible manner. These are the “…Scientific investigations in which numbers are used to measure variables such as characteristics, concepts, or things.” (Glossary) As the main purpose of the researcher’s design is to understand personal points of views and responses of the individuals as well as to establish the numerical illustrations to solidify results, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative design of research will be used. 3.4 Data Collection Methods To follows the mix design of researcher’s study, questionnaires having 10 MCQs and 10 open-ended questions will be used. The MCQs will be designed according to the Likert scale method which is usually applied in a research to compute inclinations and traits of the participating subjects. This scale uses five-point levels to determine the intensity of the subjects approach. These levels include: strongly disagree, disagree, uncertain / neutral, agree, and strongly agree. The open-ended questions will be stated clearly so that the respondents will be able to write their responses willingly and without difficulty in comprehending the right direction of the query. The researcher will send these questionnaires to 30 selected managers across the country (including both male and female sexes) to get a valid data for this research. 3.5 Ethical Considerations The researcher has the duty as a counsellor to consider the ethical issues of privacy and anonymity. The researcher will not reveal the identity of the respondents so that they may not feel any sort of censor in explaining their point of views. The questionnaires will be designed taking care not to hurt anyone’s feelings. Nothing without the respondents’ permission will be printed to support researcher’s point. 3.6 Validity and Reliability The researcher believes that questionnaires are reliable sources of data collection. As the questionnaires will be e-mailed, the researcher will be keeping a record and proof of this correspondence. All factors will be analyzed again and again if needed. These can also get checked from other co-researchers to make the research more reliable and unbiased. It will also make the study more reliable. 3.7 Approach to Analyse the Data once Collected As the questionnaire will consist of both open-ended and close-ended queries, the researcher will be using bar-graphs, pie-chart and tables along with native explanation for the analysis. In this way, the researcher will be able to present solid results in front of the readers. 3.8 Conclusion In short, the researcher is planning to conduct a qualitative research following pragmatism. It is planned that the data will be collected through questionnaires and will be analysed through graphs, tables and narration. Strict ethical rules will be followed and the researcher will not allow fake or censored information in this paper. The research design and research tools are valid and reliable as the researcher has taken care of every human and cultural aspect. CONCLUSION In this chapter the researcher will not only give an overview of the study, the analysis of the findings on a general ground will also be presented. The researcher has selected a socio-cultural subject with regard to an economic aspect. These two aspects of a man’s lives are sure to come in contact always, but the point that the researcher wants to highlight is that there are some cultural and social factors that do not allow a man to adopt a career of his choice freely. There are many obstacles and hindrances that one has to face along with numerous social obligations and duties that one has to fulfil in order to keep receiving social approval. Thus, when an individual comes to see a career counsellor, he or she feels entangled into a cobweb of his or her own desires and social commitments. 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