Electrical Systems, Microprocessors - Article Example

Analyses and design various electrical systems Systems are normally designed to perform specific tasks in relation to solving problems. For any system to be considered effective, it should be a well-designed system. The following article has answered some questions regarding instances of system design in the world of electronics. In the world or Resistors, it is well known that a single equal resistance (RT), can be obtained when a number of resistors are jointly connected in either parallel, series or both combined together as long as Ohm’s Law is obeyed (Bali, 2005). Three LEDs are to be wired in series combinations with a protection resistor in place to limit the current. Assuming there is no power fluctuation or other external interference; calculate the value of this protection resistor and explain your calculation; V = IR R = V/I Voltage = 3v I = 176 0.000527A R = 3/ 0.000176 R = 0. 17 Question P= I2R P = 0.0001762 x 0.17 P = 5266 According to Kirchhoff: the voltage assumed to be within the loop is at zero when the former is equal to the drops in voltage calculated for the same loop in a circuit which is closed (Crisp, John 2000). Basically, this refers to the principle which implies that energy must be conserved. The bulbs can be charged for an extra four hours depending on the amount of current that has been set to flow around them. This may be added by other external factors such as potential drop, hence they an adjustment era should be allowed while calculating the time. KARNAUGH MAPS Karnaugh charts or K maps as referred to by some, are a way of deriving and simplifying most Boolean expressions for logic reasoning or functions from a truth table (Jain 2010). Normally they are for 3 and 4 input variable truth tables; 2 variable truth tables are simple as they can simply be implemented by use of a standard defined gate variable; K-maps for five variables become much complicated due to their 3 dimensional structure. In most occasions, computer programs are primarily used for five variables and over. Karnaugh charts are methods of coming up with logic systems. In the above figure, a two variable Karnaugh Map has been demonstrated. It is so simple and easy, meaning that it is of no practical use in real life, since its results could be mentally arrived at. Most widely used charts are the 3 and 4 variable charts, which have been demonstrated below; After the truth table has been established for the variable, variable values are inserted into the Karnaugh chart sequentially as shown in the figure below. Any given outputs where it does not consider output value (i.e., 1 or 0) are referred to as “don’t care” type of output and an X is then inserted in that particular square. The X can only be counted as either a one or zero but not both at the same time. Using smallest possible number of gates simplifies the map and makes its readability much efficient. The microprocessor’s internal arrangement varies depending on the intended purpose and design age of the processor chip. The intricacy of any integrated circuit is restricted by physical limitations of the total number of transistors that can be embedded into one chip at a time; the amount of package terminations that can connect other system parts the processor, total counts of interconnection that can be possibly be made on the chip successfully, and the amount of heat the chip can disintegrate. Improved technology makes more intricate and powerful chips achievable to the manufacture. A minimal hypothetical microprocessor may include only a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit and a section for control logic. The Arithmetic Logic Unit does operations like subtraction, addition, multiplications, and other operations like AND or OR. Every ALU operation sets one or several flags in a status register within the central processing unit, which shows last operation results: negative number, zero value, overflow, or different ones. Instruction operation codes are retrieved by the control logic section from memory in use, and start the designed sequence of tasks of the ALU required to carry out the instruction given. A single operation code can affect several registers, data paths, and other processor elements. Advantages One merit of digital circuits whenever compared to analog circuits stands out to be; digitally represented signals can be easily transmitted minus degradation as a result of noise during transmission. For instance, a continuous audio signal conveyed as 1s and 0s sequence, can be recreated minus any error in the event, as long as the noise picked up while conveying is not sufficient to thwart identification efforts of the 1s and 0s. A music running for an hour can be kept on a compact disc utilizing approximately six billion binary digits at once. With a microprocessor, a signal representation can be obtained in a more precise representation by use of extra binary digits to represent it in the memory. Whereas this needs more digital circuits to route the signals to specified locations or directions, each digit is controlled by the same type of hardware in use. In a K-map, additional resolution needs fundamental perfections in the noise and linearity characteristics of every stage of the signal chain. Microprocessor-controlled digital systems may be managed by software, giving room for addition of new functions without changing the hardware for it to be successful. Normally, this can be achieved outside of the factory through updating the software of the product. Thus, the design errors of the product may be adjusted after the product has been purchased. Storage of information is deemed easier in systems that use microprocessor than the ones using in analog systems. Noise-immunity of systems that use microprocessors allows data to be kept and retrieved without any form of degradation at all. In the case of K-map, noise from wear and aging degrade the material kept. In a digital system, provided that the total noise is below a specific level, the data can possibly be recovered in a perfect way. Unlike the microprocessor, the K map does not unavoidably "fail" for dimensions that are high. The challenge is that it is very problematic to visualize variables that are more than five. A four variable K-map is two dimensional and very easy to visualize in that form (Mathivanan 2003). A five variable is 3 dimensional in nature, but still manageable from a visualization standpoint as observed, since the two states of the fifth variable require only moving visually from one plane to the other, minus moving in the x or y directions of either given plane according to the map structure. Getting correct equations with over five variables is somehow difficult while using the K map structure, considering less optimum set of terms: "core" "choice" prime implicants and prime implicants. This gives microprocessors much advantage since it can dynamically manipulate more than five variables at ago. It is harder visualizing the third dimension and even more confusing when dealing with overlapping k-maps. Fortunately, a microprocessor can handle this by simply feeding it with variables and the true or false condition is evaluated then you have the new simplified equation regardless of the number of variables. In some instances, digital circuits consume more energy than as compared to analog circuits in accomplishing the same job, thus producing a lot of heat which upsurges the circuits complexity like heat sinks inclusion. In battery-powered or portable systems this state may limit use of digital systems having microprocessor. Microprocessors are occasionally more expensive in terms of cost, especially when obtaining them in minor quantities. Most microprocessors must decode from continuous analog signals to discrete digital signals for usability. This brings about quantization errors in the due course. This error can be reduced in case the system keeps sufficient digital data capable of representing the signal to the anticipated fidelity degree. The well-known Nyquist Shannon sampler theorem avails a crucial guideline determining how much digital data is required to accurately portray a particular analog signal successfully. In some microprocessors, in case a single section of digital data is misinterpreted or lost, there is the possibility that main data may be delivered while it has been altered. Due to cliff effect, it may be difficult for end users to tell if a given system is appropriate on the verge of failure, or if it can handle more requests at that particular edge. Works Cited Bali, S P. 2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005. Print. Crisp, John. Introduction to Digital Systems. Oxford: Newnes, 2000. Internet resource. Jain, R P. Modern Digital Electronics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Mathivanan, N. Microprocessors, Pc Hardware and Interfacing. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India, 2003. Print. Read More