Magnetization on Voltage Using Metals and Semiconductors - Lab Report Example

Descriptive Analysis Paper Insert (s) The experiment was performed to study the effect of magnetization on voltage using metals and semiconductors. The Hall effect phenomenon was particularly studied by varying the position of a fixed magnet in the vicinity of electric field. The variation of voltage was studied with changing distance and plots were obtained.The results indicated that a voltage is generated in an electrical conductor carrying an electric curren when a magnetic field is applied to it at right angles. Table of Contents Lab Report: Hall Effect Aim and Objectives The primary objective of this laboratory experiment was study Hall effect and its potential effects on metals and semiconductors. The specific aims and objectives of the experiemtn included: i. To obtain voltage and distance data and determine the types of semiconductor using the polarity of Hall voltage ii. To calculate the hall coefficient as well as the carrier concentration of the conductor material used iii. To discuss behaviour of voltage and the response of charge carrers when exposed to a magnetic field. Theory Hall effect is the voltage difference in an electrical conductor which normally occurs when a magnetic field is applied to a rectangular shaped conductor at right angles when it is carrying electric current (Preston and Dietz, 2001, p.303). Theoretically, hall effect is explained by the principles of Lorentz force which states that a charged particle or an electron moving in an applied magnetic field normally experiences a force given by ……………………………………………………(1) Where: F= the force on the carrier current q= The quantity of the carrier current charge E=electric field that is acting on the carriers v=Velocity vector of the particle B= Magnetic field of the vector According to Streetman (1995, p.75), the mbasic measurement of Hall effect is usully carried out on a semiconductor bar having an applied electric field along its axis as well as a magnetic field perpendicular to it. Equipment and Apparatus The equipment used in the laboratory experiment included the following: i. Digital multi-meter ii. Hall effect sensor rig iii. Signal processing box Figure 1: Equipment used for Experiment Experimental Procedure Following procedure was used for this experiment: 1. Multi-meter leads were connected to signal processing box as shown in Figure No 2. Following is the detail: a. 0 – 1 v setting was used. b. 100 mT setting was used. c. The black knob was turned all the way to the left. 2. Dial of digital multi meter was selected to DC volts. 3. Black lead was plugged in the COM and red lead was plugged in V socket of multi-meter as shown in Figure No 3. 4. Slider was moved towards the sensor at the intervals shown in Figure No 4. 5. The output voltage was recorded from multi meter. 6. The procedure was repeated to get 2 sets of readings. The experimental data is placed in Table No 1. 7. The voltage value was noted when magnet was out of reach. The value was found to be 0.24 v. Figure No 2: Connections on Signal processing box Figure No 3: Connections on Multi-meter Figure No 4: Slider movement on Hall effect rig Results Experimental Data Table No 1: Experimental Data DISTANCE Voltmeter (V) (mm) Reading-1 Reading-2 20 0.104 0.1062 40 0.209 0.209 60 0.229 0.2287 80 0.235 0.2347 100 0.237 0.2371 120 0.2385 0.2385 140 0.2389 0.2389 160 0.239 0.2392 Figure 5: Variation of Voltage with distance of magnet The above results indicate that voltage varied greatly with the distance from the magnet. The closer the magnet the higher the voltage. Analysis and Discussion The findings ontained from the measurements of the results of the experiment reveals a number of aspects and properties of Hall effect. For example, the results suggest that hall voltage linearly varies as a function of the magnetic field of the current carrier material. On the other hand, it was also observed that the Hall effect is the generation of voltage in the conductor, induced by the presence of magnetic field (Baumgartner, 2006,p.165) . Variation of Voltage with Distance The plot shown in Figure No 5 indicates variation of voltage with varying distance on the tester rig. The original value of voltage is 0.24 (without any magnetic effect). It can be observed that the voltage are effected significantly when the magnet is sufficiently close. For a distance of 20mm, the voltage value is 0.1 V which means that voltage dropped to only 20% of the original value. However, as the distance was increased, the voltage quickly regained its original value and tends to stabilize at 0.24 v when the slider is moved away. Statistical Properties of data In order to examine the statistical properties of the data, the mean and standard deviation of the two set of data is calculated and is shown in Table No 2. From the data, it can be observed that the two sets are fairly close to each other and there is not big difference. For most the data, the two values are exactly the same. Therefore, the experimental setup provides very precise data. Table 2: Statistical Properties of data DISTANCE Voltmeter (v) Mean Value Standard Deviation (mm) Reading-1 Reading-2 20 0.104 0.1062 0.1051 0.001556 40 0.209 0.209 0.209 0 60 0.229 0.2287 0.22885 0.000212 80 0.235 0.2347 0.23485 0.000212 100 0.237 0.2371 0.23705 7.07E-05 120 0.2385 0.2385 0.2385 0 140 0.2389 0.2389 0.2389 0 160 0.239 0.2392 0.2391 0.000141 Finally, it is worth noting that the accuracy of the results presented above may have been affected by afew potential sources of errors that may have impacted on the accuracy of the results include temperature variations as well as the measurement methods used. Conclusion The Hall Effect is the generation of voltage in the conductor, induced by the presence of magnetic field. This induced voltage reduces as the magnetic field is taken away from the conductor and then ultimately reduces to zero. The same is observed in this experiment. The effect on voltage in the conductor is mostly affected when magnet was near the conductor. This observation is in agreement with expectations. References Baumgartner, A. 2006. Classical Hall effect in scanning gate Experiments. Phys. Rev. B 74 9(3): pp.165-226. Preston, D. W., Dietz, E. R. 2001. The Art of Experimental Physics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.303–315. Streetman, B.G. 1995. Solid State Electronic Devices. London, United Kingdom: Prentice Hall publishers. Read More