Micrometre Measurement and surnt - Lab Report Example

MICROMETER MEASUREMENT Name Course Instructor Institution Location Date Micrometer Measurement Lab 1: Measurement Introduction A micrometer refers to the machine that is used for measuring small materials like the diameter of the wire, the diameter of bicycle spoke, the diameter of the pen, etc. In the micrometer, there is always the screw that is calibrated, and it is this screw that is in the full application in the concise and accurate measurement of small materials. The micrometer is made of different parts that serve different functions in the measurement and these parts are widely applied in mechanical engineering especially in manufacturing industry to produce metals such as wire, aluminium pins, bicycle spokes, etc. One of the parts of micrometer screw gauge is the spindle and it very accurate in measurement; it is in the spindle and anvil that the material being measured is put. In measurement, the spindle is used by moving it through turning the ratchet until the object length or diameter is obtained when it just touches the spindle and anvil. One of the fields of application of the micrometer is the microscope especially for measuring the apparent diameter of small (tiny) things. In this measurement, a digital micrometer was also used in measuring the aluminium pins to be manufactured by the manufacturer. In measurement using the micrometer the degree of tolerance in measurements are always considered, and this can be in thousands of inches so, in this case, the tolerance can be about 0.005 in reading. Data process For diameter Measured diameter (A) Measured diameter (our self) (B) Measured diameter (our self) (C) Mean of measured diameter (x) 1 5.088 5.072 5.079 5.080 2 5.064 5.068 5.062 5.065 3 5.059 5.059 5.063 5.060 4 5.070 5.055 5.070 5.065 5 5.059 5.050 5.070 5.060 Total 25.330 The mean = Where N in the number Mean, = = 5.066 For standard deviation x 5.080 5.066 0.014 0.000960 5.065 5.066 0.001 0.000001 5.060 5.066 -0.010 0.000100 5.065 5.066 -0.001 0.000001 5.060 5.066 -0.006 0.000036 Total 0.001098 Standard deviation = Where N in the number Standard deviation = Standard deviation = 0.015 For Range 5.080 5.065 5.060 5.065 5.060 Range = Larger number – Smaller number Range = 5.080 5.060 Range = 0.020 For length Measured length (A) Measured length (B) Measured length (C) Mean of measured length (x) 1 27.445 27.528 27.432 27.468 2 27.504 27.423 27.502 27.476 3 27.707 27.485 27.522 27.571 4 27.496 27.520 27.401 27.472 5 27.515 27.553 27.435 27.501 Total 137.488 The mean = Where N in the number Mean, = = 27.498 For standard deviation x 27.468 27.498 -0.030 0.00090 27.476 27.498 -0.022 0.000484 27.571 27.498 0.073 0.005329 27.472 27.498 -0.026 0.000676 27.501 27.498 0.003 0.000009 Total 0.007398 Standard deviation = Where N in the number Standard deviation = Standard deviation = 0.038 For Range 27.468 27.476 27.571 27.472 27.501 Range = Larger number – Smaller number Range = 27.571 27.468 Range = 0.103 Data analyses and discussion a) The measurement, however, was successful basing on the results obtained. The degree of accuracy was achieved in almost all the measurement for both diameter and the length of the aluminium pins Basing on the value standard deviation obtained in the calculation, the tolerance in measurement for the diameter is 0.03 but the standard deviation in measuring the diameter is 0.015 and it less than the value of tolerance specified. For the length, the tolerance is 0.2 but the standard deviation is 0.038, and it is less than the value of tolerance specified. The range in between the larger number and the smaller number is for diameter is 0.02 and the ranges for the length measured are 0.103. Recommendations From the above results the manufacturer can produce aluminium pins because the tolerance is within allowable limit as seen in the value of standard deviation for diameter and length The variation in both diameter and length should be within the range calculated so that all the pins can be fixed to fit the intended purpose. The standard specifications in the calculations must be adhered to in order to avoid wastage due unfitness of the aluminium pins for their intended purpose. The manufacturer can produce the aluminium pins with sizes matching the averages i.e. for diameter it should not go beyond 5.066 and 27.498 for length. Strict adherence to those specifications can help in reducing the level of wastages and the associated cost to the manufacturer and also the ease of using the pins for the intended purpose b) The measurements were repeatedly done to find the tolerable limit in both diameter and length. In this way, the level of uncertainty was catered for in the repetitive measurement. The level of uncertainty in the measurement is allowable because the values of the standard deviation in the measurement of both diameter and length are less than the worst case in measurements. The degree of tolerance must be taken care in the mass production of to avoid loss and wastages and also to produce the good quality product to meet the consumers’ satisfactions. The value of tolerance in diameter is 0.03 and is greater than 0.015, so it is allowable, and the tolerance for measuring length is 0.20 and it is greater than 0.103 and it is much allowable. c) Machine force causes the inaccuracy in dimensions measurements because it is the resisting force to the free movement of the machine parts, for example, using the micrometer screw gauge the spindle may be difficult to move. Basing on the fundamental theory of machines it can be explained in terms of the machine dynamics and the mechanism with which the machine moves. Looking at the kinematics of machines movement, the basic idea would be to find the appropriate means of making the machine runs without many obstacles on the way. In this case, the friction should be kept to a minimum to avoid wear and tear on the machine. The kinematics and dynamics of the machine need to be significantly considered din the design stage to ensure proper sizing, lubrication of the movable parts, machine safety, valves and its components sealing, the possible way of manufacturing the machine, etc. The mobility of machine, the level of freedom of the machine to move in any direction without any interference is considered. For the case of the micrometer, the movable parts should have the capability of being moved freely and it can be through lubrication, etc. The machine should be provided with two directional degrees of freedom so that it can reduce on the inaccuracy in operation particularly the micrometer. COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (СММ) МЕАSURЕМЕNТ Introduction The measurement of dimensions of the object, for example, the block is done so as to attain the needed output of the object. Measurement is done for the purpose of getting the size of an object for it to be used for a particular purpose. Computer aided measurements of dimensions are achieved using the coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Measurement using CMM is simple and brief, and it uses the mathematics of the designed system to establish the points of the location of the working surface. CMM is comprised of the space that can be used for working and that area is fixed. The CMM workspace has the sensor that is used for detecting the proportion of the working space (surface). The software is then used for determining the parts of the dimension while relying on the measurement of the sensors The CMM is always designed with high level of accuracy than the micrometer. Its accuracy is 8 to 12 times and with repetitions of 3 to 5 times the micrometer. The stylus was used for measuring the dimensions when it was in contact with the work surface. During the dimensions measurement in CNC Laboratory (Room E19), the results were recorded, and the size of the object was calculated mathematically. The shapes created the block were measured, and the measured characteristics were controlled by the size, its place, arrangements, and the shape. 1. Table of Results   Left_Face X   A/X   L 64.972     Y 14.107 A/Y 0°0'49"         Z -0.003 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.001     Rear_Face X 6.556 A/X 0°1'11" L 121.585     Y   A/Y           Z 0.005 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.005     Right_Face X   A/X   L 45.690     Y 83.293 A/Y 0°0'42"         Z 0.012 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.000     ARC_Front_Right X       R       Y       A 53°35'7"     Z 0.005     F 0.024     Front_Face X 104.285 A/X 0°0'11" L 96.339     Y   A/Y           Z 0.002 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.004     Slot_X_Y_Midpoint_L-Length_W-Width X   A/X   L       Y   A/Y   W       Z 0.000 A/Z 90°0'3" F 0.018     Depth_Of_Slot_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z               Pocket_X_Y-Midpoint_L-Length_W-Width X   A/X   L       Y   A/Y   W       Z 0.004 A/Z 89°59'40" F 0.008     Depth_Of_Pocket_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z -15.961             Circle_Left_Rear X       R       Y       D       Z 0.004     F 0.014     Depth_Of_Circle_Rear_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z -17.848             Circle_Right_Front X       R       Y       D       Z 0.005     F 0.004     Depth_Of_Circle_Right_Front_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z               Bolt_hole_1 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.007     F 0.008     Bolt_hole_2 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.007     F 0.007     Bolt_hole_3 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.005     F 0.002     Bolt_hole_4 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.003     F 0.009     Bolt_hole_5 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.003     F 0.014     Bolt_hole_6 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.005     F 0.009     Depth_Of_Bolt_hole_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z               Circle_Right_Rear X       R       Y       D       Z 0.000     F 0.012     Depth_Of_Circle_Right_Rear X               Y               Z               Thickness_Touch_On_Granite_Table X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z               Capability of CMM Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) has the capability of measuring the dimensions with the high level of accuracy than the micrometer. The degree of accuracy in CMM is 8 to 12 times and with repetitions of 3 to 5 times the micrometer. CMM has the high capability in the analysis of the results. When the results are put in the Microsoft, excel sheet is very easy and accurate, and the error and tolerances are obtained faster and easily. The CMM has more capability in measuring the objects as compared to micrometer because it is a computer-aided program; therefore, the degree of accuracy can be achieved. Other methods of linear measurement of engineering parts There are a number of linear measurements and these include: a) Approbations method Linear measurement using approximation methodology is primarily applied in the preliminary survey of engineering projects. It is used to find out the possible way through which the project can be done and in this measurement emphasis is also put finding the mistakes that can be made or were made earlier. On the road that has no irregularity, approximation method can be used to get the outcomes within 1 % of the errors. Estimate measurement is done using a number of instruments and these among others include (i)Pacing; in this the people carrying out the survey moves in the area to be measured and take the steps (number) and this, the distance is always obtained by multiplying the steps by the mean steps. A noticeable distance can get the mean length within moved steps, and the average person can make a length of 0.75 m – 0.8 m per step. (ii) Passometer; it is in the form of a watch and is always put in the upright position in a pocket and also note down the steps number moved. Approximation using a passometer is beneficial in getting rid of counting the number of steps manually. (iii) Speedometer; this instrument is used mainly by the vehicles to measure the distance and also determines the speed of the vehicles. b) Linear measurement using tape measure Measuring the distance using the tape has been the most common method used in many constructions, and it is an accurate method used by engineers and surveyors. The measuring tapes are of different classes and include the tape measure, chain, and the steel band The tape measure is widely used in setting out of the building, measuring distances between columns, beams, walls, etc. It is the most convenient method since it does not involve any calculation to get the distance since the distance is read directly from the marks on the tape. c) Linear measurement using the optical instrument. The optical device involves the use of a telescope used in theodolite. A theodolite is an angle measurement device, and two extra cross hairs given to it say, “a” and “b” that at the distance. Obtaining the range say D in between the points say P & Q, the theodolite is positioned at P and the marked staff is put upright at Q, vertical intercept AB can be noted and, therefore, the distance D is calculated as shown in the figure below. = Therefore u = Using the law of light = + Multiplying by sides by uf we get, = + But u = Therefore + = = Taking the distance from the telescope centre to be d Therefore the distance D = u +d Then D = + d Taking to be k and to be c D = ks + c Measuring the distance using the optical instrument involves a lot of calculation than others methods like the tape measure and others. The length between P and Q are obtained by getting the vertical intercepts, and it is easy to get the length using the optical instrument. Read More

Looking at the kinematics of machines movement, the basic idea would be to find the appropriate means of making the machine runs without many obstacles on the way. In this case, the friction should be kept to a minimum to avoid wear and tear on the machine. The kinematics and dynamics of the machine need to be significantly considered din the design stage to ensure proper sizing, lubrication of the movable parts, machine safety, valves and its components sealing, the possible way of manufacturing the machine, etc.

The mobility of machine, the level of freedom of the machine to move in any direction without any interference is considered. For the case of the micrometer, the movable parts should have the capability of being moved freely and it can be through lubrication, etc. The machine should be provided with two directional degrees of freedom so that it can reduce on the inaccuracy in operation particularly the micrometer. COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE (СММ) МЕАSURЕМЕNТ Introduction The measurement of dimensions of the object, for example, the block is done so as to attain the needed output of the object.

Measurement is done for the purpose of getting the size of an object for it to be used for a particular purpose. Computer aided measurements of dimensions are achieved using the coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Measurement using CMM is simple and brief, and it uses the mathematics of the designed system to establish the points of the location of the working surface. CMM is comprised of the space that can be used for working and that area is fixed. The CMM workspace has the sensor that is used for detecting the proportion of the working space (surface).

The software is then used for determining the parts of the dimension while relying on the measurement of the sensors The CMM is always designed with high level of accuracy than the micrometer. Its accuracy is 8 to 12 times and with repetitions of 3 to 5 times the micrometer. The stylus was used for measuring the dimensions when it was in contact with the work surface. During the dimensions measurement in CNC Laboratory (Room E19), the results were recorded, and the size of the object was calculated mathematically.

The shapes created the block were measured, and the measured characteristics were controlled by the size, its place, arrangements, and the shape. 1. Table of Results   Left_Face X   A/X   L 64.972     Y 14.107 A/Y 0°0'49"         Z -0.003 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.001     Rear_Face X 6.556 A/X 0°1'11" L 121.585     Y   A/Y           Z 0.005 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.005     Right_Face X   A/X   L 45.690     Y 83.293 A/Y 0°0'42"         Z 0.012 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.

000     ARC_Front_Right X       R       Y       A 53°35'7"     Z 0.005     F 0.024     Front_Face X 104.285 A/X 0°0'11" L 96.339     Y   A/Y           Z 0.002 A/Z 90°0'0" F 0.004     Slot_X_Y_Midpoint_L-Length_W-Width X   A/X   L       Y   A/Y   W       Z 0.000 A/Z 90°0'3" F 0.018     Depth_Of_Slot_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z               Pocket_X_Y-Midpoint_L-Length_W-Width X   A/X   L       Y   A/Y   W       Z 0.

004 A/Z 89°59'40" F 0.008     Depth_Of_Pocket_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z -15.961             Circle_Left_Rear X       R       Y       D       Z 0.004     F 0.014     Depth_Of_Circle_Rear_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z -17.848             Circle_Right_Front X       R       Y       D       Z 0.005     F 0.004     Depth_Of_Circle_Right_Front_Z X 0.000             Y 0.000             Z               Bolt_hole_1 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.

007     F 0.008     Bolt_hole_2 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.007     F 0.007     Bolt_hole_3 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.005     F 0.002     Bolt_hole_4 X       R       Y       D       Z 0.

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