Electrical and Electronic Circuit - Lab Report Example

Electrical and Electronic Circuit Lab Report Student’s Name Code + Course Name University Name City, State Date Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Background Theory 4 Results and Analysis 7 Risk assessment 11 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 Executive Summary Conventionally, experiments done in the laboratory are fundamental in the general design of system as well as the practical implementation of design systems. They are building blocks in electrical engineering even though limited to their usefulness. At the outset, understanding the analysis of systems as well as designing them to meet certain specifications then; coming up with a design that meets all necessary specification draws its strengths from electrical and electronics experimental designs. Most of the engineering tasks require synthesis skills plus the design analysis henceforth, basics of done in the laboratory are usually key. In the module herein, inclusion of the design coursework has been made possible to devise a bridge between project works and the conventional experiments. Background Theory At the outset one of the key laws in electrical and electronic designs is the Ohm’s law. It is from the Ohms law, that engineers establish the linear relationship that exists when there is voltage drop on a circuit element and the current that flows within the element. It is from this that a constant is determined as the resistance (R) which is independent of the current and voltage. In deriving the equation then In this equation, V is the voltage across the circuit whereas I refers to the current flow within the circuit denoted by the SI unit: Amperes (A). The resistance has the SI units as ohms (𝛀). The equation above, there is an implication that; given a resistor with its resistance being constant, the voltage across the circuit is directly proportional to the current that flows in it. If the voltage is withheld then form the equation, the resistance of the circuit is inversely proportional to the current. Notably, reversing the polarity of the voltage, current would still flow due to the potential difference (PD), the only alteration will be that the direction of the current flow will be in the opposite direction. The validity of the Ohm’s law, further describes the definition of resistance mathematically to be: where V and I are independent of R. Further analysis of Ohm’s law defines current to be the flow of electrons for a given duration of time. Voltage on the other hand is defined as the potential difference across a circuit. It is from the electric potential that the current flows from source to sink. On the other hand, circuits’ resistance is the difficulty upon which the electrons flow find it difficult in a particular circuit and it entirely depends on the nature of the material. Materials which are described to have very low resistance are termed as conductors whereas those materials that have high resistance are referred to as insulators. Narrowing down to resistance, some materials have moderate resistance and allow more or less flow of current. These materials are actually the ones that make resistance of circuits and are termed as resistors. It is from this principle upon which the experiment was based on selection of resistors. In summary form, the potential difference theoretically will cause the flow of current but the resistors will lead to hampering of the flow hence causing resistance. The resistors used in this experiment had different levels of resistance depending with material composition. The color code of the resistors determines the value of the resistors. The basic symbol of resistor is as shown herein: Resistors can be connected either in series or in parallel. The figures bellow show both connection in real-life situation. If two resistors that is R2 and R1 are in series connection the total resistance is calculated as: Therefore, the circuit connected in series would appear to have voltage drop with a single resistors summed up in a single resistor. When connected in parallel, the total resistance is calculated as: It is from this basic principles that circuit analysis of complex circuit is determined and obtained. One of such analysis is the Thevenin equivalent circuit which during the connection of load resistor, (), the impedance of the source can be determined. Connecting Load resistance in the output terminals of the circuit, the load resistance varies from its state (open circuit state) to short-circuit form henceforth the power that is absorbed at the load turn out to be reliant on the real power source. Therefore, the resistance of the load (), for it to absorb all-out power then it has to be harmonized/marched to the resistance emanating from source. This results to maximum power transfer. In circuit analysis, Thevenin theorem that is built from the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is vital in experiments as well as in real life situation. It ensures that the maximum amount of power that will be degenerated in the resister at the load as soon as the value of the load resistance is precisely equivalent to the resistance of the source power. The connection concerning the load resistance and the inner resistance of the power source will yield the energy at the load. In the above equivalent Thevenin circuit, Maximum Power Transfer will be defined as the total power that will be degenerated in the resistance of the load if it is equivalent to the value of Norton or Thevenin resistance at the source of the circuit network that supplies the power. The analysis of the discussion will build on the above theory. Results and Analysis Task A. Load Resistance Constructing and Testing From the given formula, the value of RL is calculated as Therefore, since the student ID is to be applied then the calculation yields Task C And are in parallel hence finding the equivalent resistance is as shown Finding the total resistance is equivalent to finding the reciprocal which yields The total resistance of the circuit is equal to The supply current can be found from ohms law which is The current on the load can be found by getting the voltage drop across and then calculating the difference[Lab09]. The value obtained will be the voltage across and since the two resistors are in parallel. Thus, Hence the voltage drop is equal to Since and are in parallel then the load current is equal to: TASK D From Thevenin theorem, the resistance at the output terminals when all sources of voltages is replaced with a short circuit can be found as follows: Hence the total resistance is equal to The equivalent circuit is Risk assessment At the outset electricity is one of the risky fields to deal with. Several cases have been witnessed where electric shock has dealt with individuals until succumbing to their deaths. It is therefore key to asses risks by eliminating for example working with dead equipment, minimizing e.g. by using safer current or voltage, controlling e.g. employing hardware methods, controlling predictable risks, being competent while working in the lab. One of the commonly applied practices is the use of the safe test areas in the laboratory. Setting up control test assessment areas brings into attention to each individual involved in electrical testing entirely free from the risk. Some of the practices to ensure safe test areas is enhanced includes having a selected room designed with special protection structures and with secured entrances to inhibit unauthorized personnel into the chamber. Another way is to have barriers that only authorized students and staff can get in. Of equal importance is to prevent any unauthorized tests in the laboratory. This goes along mile into preventing students and other lab users from coming into contact with unnoticed danger or exposed conducting surfaces. It is also key to earth all test machines and equipment. During experiments, users might accidentally step on the exposed surfaces leading to fatal accident that would otherwise have been mitigated. Amongst other dangers are the supply sources. Injuries from sources which are not earthed are not referenced from supply sources. Test equipment of the labs require that their design meet exclusive design. The requirement is that the lab technician should ensure that the equipment is safe for use. It is therefore crucial for all students to take a personal responsibility to enhance safety in the laboratories. Conclusion To conclude for in circuit analysis, Thevenin theorem that is built from the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is vital in experiments as well as in real life situation. It ensures that the maximum amount of power that will be degenerated in the resister at the load as soon as the value of the load resistance is precisely equivalent to the resistance of the source power. The connection concerning the load resistance and the inner resistance of the power source will yield the energy at the load. It is therefore crucial to analyze circuits in before practical implementation. Reference Lab09: , (Manager, November 19, 2009), Read More