Urban Regeneration - Research Paper Example

Group Project Proposal By Name UNIVERSITY OF South Wales Assessment Cover Sheet and Feedback Form 2015/16 Module Code: NG4S723 Module Title: Research Methods & Professional Development Lecturer: Trevor Price Assignment No: 2 No. of pages in total including this page: 3 Maximum Word Count: 4,000 (+/- 10%) Assignment Title: Group Project Proposal You are asked to work in a team of 3 OR 4 people. This is so that you work together, practicing your key skills as well as individuals bringing fresh and new insights into the team for this challenging coursework. In a team of 3 or 4 people you are required to produce an academic research proposal which includes a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of various research methods and which demonstrates your ability to use appropriate tools and techniques to support the effective design and management of your research project. Remember that this is a PROPOSAL – you are NOT required to undertake the research you outline here. When developing your proposal, keep in mind that you will need to undertake a piece of research as part of your award and so this could serve as a useful basis for that work. You can also assume the following: You have about 4 months to carry out the research you outline in this proposal. You will work in a team to do the work with a supervisor to give advice. The resources open to you as students at the University of South Wales are available to you. See Appendix 1 for more details The whole proposal should not be more than 4,000 (+/- 10%) words. For every extra 50 words, 1% will be deducted from your final score. YOU MUST SUBMIT YOUR WORK VIA TURNITIN BY 9AM ON 4th DECEMBER. FAILURE TO DO THIS WILL MEAN I CAN NOT MARK YOUR WORK AND YOU WILL FAIL THIS COURSEWORK. I USE TURNITIN TO CHECK FOR PLAGIARISM Section A: Record of Submission Record of Submission and Plagiarism Declaration I declare that this assignment is my own work and that the sources of information and material I have used (including the internet) have been fully identified and properly acknowledged as required in the referencing guidelines provided. Fit to Sit Policy The University operates a Fit to Sit policy whereby all students, in submitting or presenting them for any assessment, are declaring that they are fit to sit the assessment. Students cannot subsequently claim that their performance in that assessment was affected by extenuating circumstances. Student Numbers: You are required to acknowledge that you have read the above statement by writing your student number(s) above. (If this is a group assignment, please provide the student numbers of ALL group members) Details of Submission Note that all work handed in after the submission date and within 5 working days will be capped at 40%. No marks will be awarded if the assignment is submitted after the late submission date unless mitigating circumstances are applied for and accepted. IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO KEEP A RECORD OF ALL WORK SUBMITTED. An electronic copy of your work should be submitted via turnitin. Extenuating Circumstances: if there are any exceptional circumstances which may have affected your ability to undertake or submit this assignment, make sure you contact the Faculty Advice Shop on 01443 482540 (G221). Section B : Marking and Assessment This assignment will be marked out of 100% This assignment contributes to 75% of the total module marks. This assignment is bonded / non- bonded. Details : Date Set: 30/9/15 Submission Date:4/12/15 Feedback Date: 22/1/16 The 21st century Trends in the regeneration of urban cities in the United States of America By 1. 2. 3. 4. Table of contents Contents Contents 6 1.0Abstract There has been a trend towards the shrinking of urban centers in the history of America. The change in the urban cities has been marked by an era of continuity in the number of individuals in the housing units being left vacant as well as multiply numbers of city dwellers being concentrated in the suburbs where housing rates are affordable. Urban regeneration, according to the researchers has been seen as the most viable solution towards the renewal of the various urban cities. The literature review has been used in this study, to have a look at what the other professionals see as possible solutions to the shrunken cities and devastating urban conditions. There is a few literature that focuses on urban regeneration in the 21st century as such the study shall seek to find the various means and trends that are applicable in the modern world. The research shall look into the technological aspects, social sustainability, environment trends, housing trends and economic viability. The data collection tools in the study shall be questionnaires, interviews and observation method. The sample population shall be comprised of workers and the residents in the various cities. The research shall also incorporate data from secondary sources to ensure the viability of the research results. 2.0 Literature Review Urban Regeneration is a trend that focuses beyond the physical amenities in the urban centers and includes the unemployment rates in the specific regions. This research project focus shall be the trends towards regeneration of urban cities in United States of America. The current trend in the United States in the 21st century has been evidenced by the shift of people from their rural centers to the urban areas. According to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), indicates that there is a continuous growth of the people living in the urban areas. Mallach 2010 p 6, indicates that after the Second World War there was a great recession that affected the main urban cities in the United States of America. Some cities surged up with the increase in the population while others like Detroit continued to decline in terms of numbers (Mallach 2010, p6). The decline in the number of town residents was marked with a lot of abandoned buildings as well as unreclaimed land. The shrunken cities marked the beginning of an era whereby the city residents had very poor labour skills, were less wealthy and generally were considered as well as a population that was labour force attached (Mallach 2010,p 6). The problem that is faced in all the urban areas that are facing shrinkage is how the cities can be managed: socially, environmentally, politically and economically. According to Pallagast et al 2007,p 9, the shrinking of the urban states became evident in the early 2000s where houses were vacant due to the relocation of their inhabitants and the economy of urban areas generally deteriorated. Mallach 2010,p 2, indicates that the federal government has made an attempt of coming up with the various strategies to curb the issue of reduction in the number of the members in the city areas. The strategies can be termed as the new trends towards the regeneration of the urban areas. (Mallach 2010, p 3). The main focus of these trends include: strategic planning, the utilization of the urban areas, transformative changing the cities, the sustainability building of the cities as well as putting up affordable housing programs. Strategic planning The Metropolitan area administration have got no choice rather than to plan on the cities strategically for effective regeneration. The planning may entail the use of the resources available in the city, the reinvention of land usage policies, affordability of housing programs as well as the manner in which the cities shall be strategically changed. There needs to be a draft policy indicating exactly what kind of activities are going to take place and the length of the expected changes. The metropolitan council should ensure that the citizens also live in an environmentally fit city. The strategic planning of the urban cities serves to link the current local areas to the metros in the given towns. The shrunken cities have got to make plans about the allocation of the towns’ resources, the management of the land inventory for the city and the building up on specific assets for economic improvement. Planning essentially requires a lot of funds in order to come up with a required number of improvements in the given resources and change in the challenges faced. The strategic planning according to Mallach 2010, p.26, requires the management of three key areas: affordable housing, fit environment and economic progress in the given state. The planning is meant to ensure that the moderate and the low income individuals get to benefit most from the resources in their cities. There is a surplus of housing units in the shrunken cities due to the economic inequalities. Therefore, the strategic planning plan should have a financial input in housing, in terms of reconstruction and making the housing units affordable to the low income earners. As Mallach 2010, p. 27 asserts, for the sustainability of the regeneration plans, there is need for the building of the environmentally sound, economic regions, as well as enhancing the transportation in the given areas. The most important part of the strategic planning lies in the implementation of the given plan. There is need for the collaboration between the governmental and the public sectors to ensure the strategic plan is fully funded and implemented. Reutilization of the urban land The urban areas can be reutilized in a great way so that there shall no longer appear unutilized land. According to Mallach 2010, p.8, utilization of the urban areas is linked to the reclaiming of the land that has been bare for some time through human activities. The actions of reclaiming the land may entail environmental activities and economical viability of the population living in the particular area. Environmental activities according to Mallach 2010, p.28, may include, the land banking strategy of inclusion of all the vacant lands in the area, the treatment of the vacant lands and buildings as well as the reconstruction of the land and the cities to make them attractive. In the large distressed cities, demolitions of households have been one of the major problems faced. The continuous vacant structures with no potential for future use continuously pose a health and environmental problem to the thousands of the city residents. The presence of the abandoned housing units lowers the value of the nearing homes making them to be susceptible to criminal activities. The administrative units of the cities therefore see it fit to demolish all the households and therefore work to ensure that the given homes are brought down. There is need for the demolitions to be carried out in the sound environmental and health standards. The local authorities need to liaise with the given federal authority in order to comply with the given requirements. The metropolitan administration should have an open call to the investors who can voluntary clean the brown lands leading to more economical investment. According to Grodach and Loukaitou- Sideris 2007 p.350, cities in the United States such as New York are continually changing the face of their daily existence through turning buildings into culturally attractive places such as museums. Montgomery 2004, p.15, also asserts that the cultural transformation has really served in the process of urban regeneration in various cities. Cultural development strategies in United States of America have acquired significance development due to the ability it has of attracting tourists. The tourists bring about foreign exchange and as such are considered to be economic viable plans. Grodach and Loukaitou- Sideris 2007,p. 350, outline that there are three types of cultural development strategies in the regeneration of the urban cities. The strategies are entrepreneurial, creative class and progressive strategies. Entrepreneurial development strategies focus on the economic growth of the individual cities. The focus of the municipal government on the local strategies is the capitalization on the incentives to make the private investors to contribute more to the given industries. Grodach and Loukaitou- Sideris 2004, 353, class strategies focus on the creation of quality life issues as well as the social amenities in the given area of operation such as attract the workers who are highly educated. On the other hand the creative strategies focus on the individual citizens benefits from the local government in any given area. Success here, in the progressive strategies is measured in its ability to reduce the disparities between the different economic classes among the residents of the cities (Grodach and Loukaitou- Sideris 2004 355) Transformational change Cities have embraced the transformational change in a trend geared towards urban regeneration. Pallangst et al, 2009,p. 8, says that the change should make the city to be economically viable. Economical viability is only achieved through the construction of universities, markets, creating employments and attraction of the investors to the particular place of residence. Additionally the green cities can be changed trough the reinforcing of the skill bases of the local citizens so that they can be able to work in the new towns as well as restructuring of the ancient facilities such as the water front that can source of income to the given economy (Mallach 2010, p. 32). The government should therefore develop policies according to (Mallach 2010,p. 35), so as to reconstruct the above mentioned facilities. Transformative change contains those amenities and strategies that trigger the development of a city to the post industrial state. The first approach to the transformation of cities entails the city building on the ancient activities such as the water fronts and the pedestrian scale. The building of institution assets may be catalytic for change in the given capacity. The universities, for example are a major source of income despite the fact that they are federally funded by government. The focus on the universities should be the improvement of the local economies through incorporation of the universities communities in the progressive improvement of the surrounding areas (Mallach 2010, p. 35). The professional workers in the universities should also be encouraged to purchase homes in the universities’ neighborhood so as to increase the income of the area in terms of the purchases made through the acquisition of goods and services. Transportation sector shall also be a major economical development in that it shall facilitate movement around institutions and also in the markets that are set up (Mallach 2010, p.36). The development of roads and other programs should be focused on the increased competitiveness between the urban states. The transportation scheme shall focus on the movement of the individuals to the workplace in the suburban regions and therefore increase the employment opportunities in the suburban regions of the given areas. Mallach 2010, p. 36 advises that the focus on transportation in the regeneration of cities shall be merely on the catalyzing the improvement of the urban centers rather than the focus on the traditionally decongestion of the urban areas. Here, the distressed cities have got no congestion problem and the cities should look forward to the increase in the job opportunities across the given areas. The job opportunities created will require that the residents of the given areas should be equipped with the relevant job skills. The local government should therefore create educational opportunities for its residents. Affordable Housing The shrunken cities are evidenced by the houses being left vacant and the elite urban areas being left to individuals who politically acquired them. There has a particular trend in regeneration of cities that is the policies that make urban housing affordable. The government needs to come up with policies that facilitate the building of houses on all the residential areas. The objective here is the generation of mixed income communities. The cost burden of housing is experienced by the low income earners who spend 30% of their income in housing. The residential houses where they live are in dire need of repair. The trend in affordable housing entails the development of affordable private housing units and the reconstruction of the existing housing units. The development of affordable housing units should target the low income citizens who are concentrated in the cities suburbs. Affordable housing units entails the cities should have the stable home ownership plans that should benefit both the home owners and the tenants. Strategies towards the home ownership program entails that make the mortgage to be flexible for both the moderate and low income owners. The local authorities should also put up strategies for the counseling of both the old and the new home owners in the given areas. The cost of repair and upgrading of the existing cities may be high and as hence the government should consider giving soft loans to the inhabitants of the given residential areas so as to foster the economic development and the repairs of the housing units (Mallach 2010, p. 47). New economy approaches Pallangst et al,. 2009, p.83, indicates that there should be various strategies in the regeneration of urban cities that focus on the improvement of the economy. The metropolitan governments should ensure the development of the warehouses, shopping malls and retailing centers in urban areas that are around the major airports. An example is the city of Kansas and Detroit which are near major airports. The local governments should also ensure the fast mobility and telecommunications among the major towns and cities. Pallangst et al, 2009 p.85, states that urban cities should also include the strategies for ensuring the economic viability should entail the reversion of the green open spaces to usable green open spaces. Research problem The research problem lies in the gap of the literature indicating the trends used in the regeneration of urban centers in the 21st century. The gap shall therefore be used as a title for this group’s project proposal. 3.0 Back ground of the Study Mallach 2010, p.1 defines urban regeneration as a process of establishing long lasting solutions to the distressed city dwellers. Regeneration occurs after the city has been left in a pitiable state due to the exodus of its inhabitants, the social economic status, the housing rates and the environmental structure of the given land. Stephen and Kile, 2015, indicate that suburbanization did not just occur in the industrial north but also in the different states in the middle of the country such as in the city of Philadelphia. The focus of the research study shall therefore not be just simply in one given town rather it shall be in the different cities across the country. Many cities according to Stephen and Kile, 2015, have been working to reverse the downgrading trends. The literature reviewed only tends to focus on the different methods that have been used in urban regeneration a while ago. The research gap therefore exists in the lack of research methods that can be useful in the 21st century era. The research study therefore looks into the viability of the trends in urban regeneration in terms of the social sustainability, economic viability trends, technological trends, environmental friendly trends and the affordable houses trends. 4.0 Objective of the Study The main objectives of this research proposal shall be to identify the trends in dealing with the regeneration of the United States of America in terms of the following main trends which are relevant in the twenty first century: 1. To establish the social sustainability trends in urban regeneration 2. To identify the technological trends in urban regeneration 3. To establish the economic trends in urban regeneration 4. To identify the environmental trends in urban regeneration 5. To establish the trends of affordable housing in urban regeneration 5.0 METHODOLOGY 5.1 Questionnaire Adams and Schvaneveldt, 1991, p. 200, define questionnaires as a set of questions in which the respondents answers. It is a research tool that is used in the gathering of data in a particular analysis. Questionnaires are a form of self administered interview. The respondents’ answers in the questionnaire are in accordance to the prearranged set of questions (Smith 1975 p. 170). The uniqueness of the questionnaire is that there is no room for further explanation for the respondents (Kumar 2005 p. 126). Questionnaires are normally used in the collection of factual information such as is required in this research project (Best and Kahn 2002, p. 316). The questionnaire as a tool provides a means of comparing between the various variables that the researcher thinks may be affecting the given study. Questionnaires shall be effective in this study since there are a large number of the respondents to be reached (Miller 2002, p.4). There shall be two forms of questionnaires that shall be used in the study: the open ended questionnaire and the close ended questionnaire. The open format questionnaires shall be free of any structure. The respondents shall be allowed to answer the questions according to their own preference. The main focus of the open ended questionnaire shall be the individuals that are living in the urban areas of the various cities. The citizens shall be used in the answering of the different trends that they see as effective in the addressing of the areas of need (Mangal 2013 p. 342-343). The close ended questions shall be administered to the different categories of professionals that shall be involved in the decision making policies in the process of urban regeneration. The different professionals may include the architects, the quantity surveyors, civil engineers, urban planners and the economists. The main problem with the questions lies in the compilation of the data after the questionnaires have been filled. This may be a tiresome activity that requires a lot of concentration and time. The participants may also fail to answer all the questions and this, becomes a challenge to the data collection process. 5.2 Interview The questionnaires do not offer room for further clarification of the information given. There is need for the use of interview as a tool for data collection. This technique shall seek to further clarify the answers given by the respondents and especially in the reasons behind the choice of the trends used in the carrying out of the regeneration of the urban centers. Though the face to face interviews are time consuming, the researcher shall seek the audience of the various managers, heads of the government parastatals such as Housing Corporation, the economic development corporation and the various departments that are encompassed in the urban regeneration process. The Interviews’ shall provide room for the respondents to fully express themselves through various mechanisms. The researcher will also use the group interview techniques in the collection of data among the different individuals in the urban cities. The main focus of the group interviews shall be to bring out a discussion where the inhabitants shall be spurred into making the various comments as they relate to the different work and the suitability of the trends. The discussion shall feature the inclusivity of the trends of urban regeneration in the economic, social as well as environmental concerns. The disadvantage of using the interviews as a means of data collection is that the respondents may fail to turn up on the agreed date and therefore jeopardize the whole research process. 5.3 Observation Observation is a process of seeing their things, the processes related to them in order to decipher the meaning of all the activities (Smith1975, p. 45). The observation method shall be used in the viewing of the various infrastructures and relating them to the emerging trends in the urban regeneration. The researcher shall also observe the economic features such as the road networks, the presence of markets in between the cities as well as the different institutions such as universities. The researcher shall also be on the lookout for the different housing units in the urban areas. The units as shall be examined on the basis of its inhabitants as well as the structures functionality as well as the checking of the quality of the different housing units. The researcher shall also observe the environmental conditions of the different areas so as to assess its impact on the lives of people in the urban areas. The main advantage of the observation method is that items are viewed directly and the information given is hence correct. The cons of the observation method are that the presence of the researcher may influence the behaviour of the respondents. The information can also be easily lost unless the researcher records or videotapes the various proceedings. 6.0 Project outline The tools discussed above shall be used to collect data about the trends towards urban regeneration in the 21st century. The main focus shall be on the United States urban States such as Detroit, New York, Pittsburg, Cleveland and Philadelphia. The respondents in the research study shall be accurately selected so as to avoid the ambiguity in the data collected as well as the irrelevance in the research study. The research shall adhere to the research guidelines and the proposals in the different research ethics in the conduct of the research, the analysis of the findings as well as the presentation of the research results (Black 1993, p.56). The participants in the research study shall have an informed consent of the purpose of the research. The researcher shall also obtain permission in the different institutions where research shall be carried out. The institution heads of 30 state parastatals shall be sought for the endeavour of granting written permission. About twenty to thirty of the heads will be the respondents in the interviews that are carried out in the study. The researcher shall schedule time for the different appointments during the research study. This part of the research project shall be mainly on the issue of the trends that happen in the study as well as the different specifications that the heads think can be adjusted for efficiency. The heads shall also give the different trends that they see fit for the twenty first century citizen. Around 150 questionnaires shall be administered to the professional workers in the different states of the United States of America. The research questions shall be directed on the viability of the regeneration of the different states. The questionnaires will contain questions that deal with the environmental assessment of the urban lands and buildings, the effect of regeneration on the current lands, the condition of the housing units especially in the suburbs of the town areas in addition to the technological and economical trends on regeneration of the urban centers. About 150- 200 residents in the urban areas shall also be given open ended questionnaires. This part of the research shall address the opinion of the residents of shrunken cities on the correct trends for regeneration. The focus shall be on the social sustainability as well as the economic viability of the different kinds of trends in regeneration of the urban cities in the 21st century. The researcher shall also review some of the secondary data. The data shall be the statistic on the regeneration of the urban centers as well as the different research articles such as the seminar papers as well as peer reviewed journals on the trends of regeneration in the 21st century. The secondary data shall only be an additional source of data in the research study. The researcher study may have some of the challenges in terms of data collection. The challenges are termed as threats to the validity of the research study. The internal validity is covered by the selection of a large target population so that even if some drop out of the research process, the research shall still have reasonable amount of data. To eliminate the ambiguity of the research questions, the researcher shall ensure the accuracy in the questions asked and elaborate to the participants any areas that they may not fully understand. Creswell 2007 indicates that the research data should be reliable. The research study shall ensure reliability by sampling of the population from different studies. 7.0 Time table The time table of the scheduled work activities Activities Nov 2015 Dec 2015 Jan 2016 Feb 2016 Research proposal Literature review Key word development Proposal write up Proposal discussion with supervisor Consulting of heads of various parastatals Mailing of the open ended and close ended questionnaire Observation at various housing units Carrying of interviews Data analysis First draft Second draft Discussion with supervisors Third draft Final report and submission 8.0 References Adams, G, R& Schvaneveltd L, R. (1991). Understanding Research Methods ( 2nd ed) New York: Longman pp.200 Best, J. W & Kahn, J, K. (2002) Research in Education. (7th ed) New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Pp.316 Black, R.T. (1993) Evaluating Social science Research: An introduction. London. Sage publications. Pp56 Creswell. J. W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Pp 67 Grodach, C & Loukaitou-Siresis, A (2007) Culture Development Strategies and Urban Revitalization A survey of US cities. International Journal of Cultural Policy Vol 13 No. 4, 2007. 349-370 Kumar, R. (2005). Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners. London [u.a.], SAGE pp. 126 Mallach, A. (2010) Facing the Urban Challenge: The Federal Government and Americas Oldest Distressed Cities. pp. 1-71 http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2010/5/18-shrinking-cities-mallach/0518_shrinking_cities_mallach.pdf Mangal, S. (2013). Research Methodology in Behavioral Sciences. Rutgers Univ. Press. Pp343 Miller, J. N. (2002) Questionnaires http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/handbook/printable/questionnairesV5.pdf Pallangst K et al ,. (2009) The Future of Shrinking Cities : Problems, Patterns, and Strategies of Urban Transformation in a Global context. Institute of Regional and Urban Development: University of California.pp.1-168 Retrieved from http://www.rop.tu-dortmund.de/cms/Medienpool/Downloads/The_Future_of_Shrinking_MG-2009-01.pdf Smith, H. W. (1975). Strategies of social research: the methodological imagination. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. pp 45-171 Stephens, R & Kille, W. L (2015). Urban Regeneration: What Recent Research say About Best Practices. http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/municipal/legacy-cities-challenges-opportunities-urban-regeneration Read More

The strategic planning of the urban cities serves to link the current local areas to the metros in the given towns. The shrunken cities have got to make plans about the allocation of the towns’ resources, the management of the land inventory for the city and the building up on specific assets for economic improvement. Planning essentially requires a lot of funds in order to come up with a required number of improvements in the given resources and change in the challenges faced. The strategic planning according to Mallach 2010, p.

26, requires the management of three key areas: affordable housing, fit environment and economic progress in the given state. The planning is meant to ensure that the moderate and the low income individuals get to benefit most from the resources in their cities. There is a surplus of housing units in the shrunken cities due to the economic inequalities. Therefore, the strategic planning plan should have a financial input in housing, in terms of reconstruction and making the housing units affordable to the low income earners.

As Mallach 2010, p. 27 asserts, for the sustainability of the regeneration plans, there is need for the building of the environmentally sound, economic regions, as well as enhancing the transportation in the given areas. The most important part of the strategic planning lies in the implementation of the given plan. There is need for the collaboration between the governmental and the public sectors to ensure the strategic plan is fully funded and implemented. Reutilization of the urban land The urban areas can be reutilized in a great way so that there shall no longer appear unutilized land.

According to Mallach 2010, p.8, utilization of the urban areas is linked to the reclaiming of the land that has been bare for some time through human activities. The actions of reclaiming the land may entail environmental activities and economical viability of the population living in the particular area. Environmental activities according to Mallach 2010, p.28, may include, the land banking strategy of inclusion of all the vacant lands in the area, the treatment of the vacant lands and buildings as well as the reconstruction of the land and the cities to make them attractive.

In the large distressed cities, demolitions of households have been one of the major problems faced. The continuous vacant structures with no potential for future use continuously pose a health and environmental problem to the thousands of the city residents. The presence of the abandoned housing units lowers the value of the nearing homes making them to be susceptible to criminal activities. The administrative units of the cities therefore see it fit to demolish all the households and therefore work to ensure that the given homes are brought down.

There is need for the demolitions to be carried out in the sound environmental and health standards. The local authorities need to liaise with the given federal authority in order to comply with the given requirements. The metropolitan administration should have an open call to the investors who can voluntary clean the brown lands leading to more economical investment. According to Grodach and Loukaitou- Sideris 2007 p.350, cities in the United States such as New York are continually changing the face of their daily existence through turning buildings into culturally attractive places such as museums.

Montgomery 2004, p.15, also asserts that the cultural transformation has really served in the process of urban regeneration in various cities. Cultural development strategies in United States of America have acquired significance development due to the ability it has of attracting tourists. The tourists bring about foreign exchange and as such are considered to be economic viable plans. Grodach and Loukaitou- Sideris 2007,p. 350, outline that there are three types of cultural development strategies in the regeneration of the urban cities.

The strategies are entrepreneurial, creative class and progressive strategies.

Read More