In APA Style - Annotated Bibliography Example

? Annotated Bibliography   Ash, J. S., Berg, M., & Coiera, E. (2004). Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: The nature of patient care information system-related errors. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(2), 104–112. The study looks into various literatures exploring the use of patient care information systems (PCISs) as effective means of reducing medical errors. However, Ash, Berg and Coiera find that contrary to this intended goal, they said that systems are actually more likely to cause greater errors than reduce them. The most common errors that PCIs facilitate can be divided into two groups: (a) those in the processes involving coordination and communication the PCISs were designed to support, and (b) those involving the process of retrieving and entering information. The study provides vital information on the aspects of IT as applied to health and patient care information systems that should be improved. Campbell, E. M., Sittig, D. F., Ash, J. S., Guappone, K. P., & Dykstra, R. H. (2006). Types of unintended consequences related to computerized provider order entry. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 13(5), 547–556. This study explores the various kinds of unintended clinical adverse events due to the implementation of computerized provider order entry or CPOE. Authors find that the most common unintended adverse consequences (UACs) of CPOE are (a) over dependence of people on technology, (b) new types of errors, (c) revamp of certain power structures, (d) negative reactions to a new system, (e) negative changes in patterns of communication, (f) problems with persistence of paper system, (g) endless system demands, (h) work flow problems, and (i) the greater burden of work for clinicians. The findings of this research provide a valuable input and basis of corrections for developers of the CPOE systems. Chin, T. (2003, February 17). Doctors pull the plug on the paperless system. Retrieved from American Medical News http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2003/02/17/ bil20217.htm As with two earlier resources, this article discusses the different drawbacks of using a CPOE system as experienced by the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. The results of the interviews in this article support the findings of Campbell, et. al. (2006) that the CPOE system indeed causes more problems or errors than the improvements it promises, especially since orders are lost or not transmitted, patient care slows with the new system, the work flow of physicians disrupted or is not followed, and the new system is cumbersome. Connolly, C. (2005, March 21). Cedars-Sinai doctors cling to pen and paper. The Washington Post. p.A01. In this article for the Washington Post, Connolly looks into the failure of CPOE systems in the case of the Cedar-Sinai Medical Center. Agreeing on the points raised by the earlier article of Chin (2003), Connolly confirms that using a computerized information system in health care is risky. The author also confirms that a computerized information system it brings with it a lot of problems. The said technology (CPOE) developed by the hospital is slow and clunky, only a few doctors are involved in its creation, and there is not sufficient training before it was implemented. Dolan, P. L. (2008, March 10). Insurer finds EMRs won’t pay off for its doctors. Retrieved from American Medical News http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/ 2008/ 03/ 10/bil20310.htm Dolan begins this article with the statement that “the financial remunerations of office-based electronic medical records (EMRs) systems are not worth the cost to doctors” (n.p.). This opening alone reveals the theme of the article, wherein the author explores the numerous problems associated with the use of computerized records and information systems. However, in this article, the only problem with EMRs/CPOE involves only the monetary aspect, since the sources did not look in to the functionality and practices of the physicians using the system. Also, in contrast to the first four sources discussed, this paper reveals that insurers were not opposed to EMRs since these have benefits. First Consulting Group (FCG). (2003). Computerized physician order entry: Costs, benefits and challenges; a case study approach. Retrieved from http://www. leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-CPOE_Costs_Benefits_Challenges.pdf By employing a case study approach, FCG aims to look into the various challenges, benefits, and costs of using a CPOE system. The authors analyze the case of six health care organizations. Through the success of these institutions, the authors determine certain considerations to facilitate the implementation of CPOE. Although the study aims to analyze the negative side of CPOE, its entirety rather focuses on the “success stories” of hospitals able to implement CPOE. It mainly focuses on praising CPOE, and such a standpoint sheds possible biases in the study findings. Gater, L. (2005). CPOE uncertainty. For the Record, 17(10), 25. This author discusses the uncertainty of using CPOE systems in hospitals because of the increase in errors and difficulty of implementing a change in system. Again, the article cites Cedars-Sinai Medical Center as an example of the failure of the mechanization of health care information. However, Gater (2005) acknowledges that CPOEs can be effective if they are well-designed and if they are utilized properly. Indeed, the lack of standardization of CPOE causes more problems than benefits. This article is a good summary of sources and information disputing the effectiveness of CPOE. Hartz, E. (2011). Meaningful use case study. Retrieved from Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMMS) http://www.himss.org/davies/docs/2011_MU_CaseStudies/EMMC.pdf By looking into the case of the Eastern Maine Medical Center, Hartz (2011) explores the concept of “Meaningful Use” as an effective guideline for increasing and guaranteeing the effectiveness of EMR implementation. This source provides a wealth of information on how to successfully implement CPOE, wherein institutions can look into the actions and decisions of Eastern Maine as a guide in improving the functionality and performance of their own CPOE systems. Hoonakker, P. L. T., Carayon, P., & Walker, J. M. (2010). Measurement of CPOE end-user satisfaction among ICU physicians and nurses. Applied Clinical Informatics, 1(3), 268-285. doi:10.4338/ACI-2010-03-RA-0020 This study aims to develop standards for choosing reliable and valid questionnaires that evaluate the satisfaction of end-users with CPOE. The authors developed a total of seven criteria and applied these on existing questionnaires. The authors conclude that with seven criteria, it is possible to choose a reliable questionnaire for assessing the end-users’ satisfaction with CPOE. However, although some of the criteria are based on some sources, no sufficient evidentiary support or study is provided to back the criteria, and the criteria themselves were not subjected to testing. Jesberg, G. (2011, February 22). Cedars-Sinai health system selects encore health resources to implement the next phase of electronic medical record. Retrieved from Encore Health Resources http://www.encorehealthresources.com/pr022311 Although it does not provide much information on CPOE, this article lets the researcher keep up with the current state of the Cedars-Sinai EHR, which suffered a major downfall in 2003 (Chin, 2003; Connolly, 2005). The institution has decided to invest again in electronic records and information system. However, this time around, they paid for the services of a third party, in contrast to their previous move of designing their own system. King, W. J., Paice, N., Rangrej, J., Forestell, G., & Swartz, R. (2003). The effect of computerized physician order entry on medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Pediatrics, 112(3), 506-509. Employing a retrospective cohort design, this study looks into the potential of CPOE in reducing adverse drug events as well as medication errors. By implementing the CPOE system in two medical pediatric wards, and then comparing the data from these to the data of one medical and two surgical wards still using the pen-and-paper system, researchers are able to assess the effect of CPOE. After the implementation of CPOE, a marked reduction (40%) in the rate of medication errors is observed in the ward with CPOE. The study is a strong support of the idea that uses of commercially available CPOE systems can help negate the problems most commonly related to the mechanization of the flow of information in health care institutions. Koppel, R. (2007). The impact of computerized physician order entry. Session on Redesigning Work Processes to Improve Patient Safety and Quality, AHRQ Conference. Bethesda: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. In his presentation to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Conference (AHRQ) in 2007, Koppel provides a background on CPOE, including both its advantages and disadvantages. He states that CPOE helps to eliminate a large number of errors in patient care, as well as facilitate the delivery of information from one area of the hospital to another. In his presentation, Koppel also looks into several cases involving CPOE, and in the process, extracted the different barriers to the implementation of CPOE. However, despite the fact that the author is looking into the impact of CPOE in hospital systems, he failed to fully explore the disadvantages of the use of CPOE, choosing rather to focus on different improvements and factors affecting Information Technology in the health care setting. Moreover, the slide show available for viewing is rather limited, and the author does not provide much discussion or further explanation of the slides . Koppel, R., Metlay, J.P., Cohen, A., Abaluck, B., Localio, R., Kimmel, S. E., &Storm, B.L. (2005). Role of computerized physician order entry systems in facilitating medication errors. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(10), 1197-203. doi:10.1001/jama.293.10.1197 The research of Koppel et. al. aims to quantify and identify the different functions of CPOE in causing prescription errors. By using both quantitative and qualitative methods, researchers look into the interaction of hospital staff with a CPOE system in a tertiary hospital. The authors find through a series of surveys that there are around 22 kinds of medication errors facilitated by the CPOE system. Some of these errors are wrong orders generated by non flexible templates for orders, erroneous displays that hinder the coherent view of the medication of the patient, and numerous others. The authors concluded that CPOE systems cause medication errors. The findings provide an avenue for improvement, as well as some basis for error reduction. Kuperman, G., & Gibson, R. (2003). Computer physician order entry: Benefits, costs and issues. Annals of the Internal Medicine, 139(1), 31-39. Although it is published in a scholarly journal, Kuperman’s work is more of a feature article rather than a publication of study findings. In this article, the author explores the different benefits of CPOE, as well as its costs and some issues related to its implementation or use. This article is a rich source for data and background regarding CPOE, but does not necessarily provide adequate critique or evaluation of the computerization of health care information systems. Leape, L. L., & Berwick, D. M. (2005). Five years after To Err Is Human: What have we learned? JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(19), 238-490. doi:10.1001/jama.293.19.2384 This paper evaluates the current standing of the health care delivery system five years after the Institute of Medicine published its reports on the high percentage of medical errors. Leape and Berwick (2005) acknowledge that as a result of the publication of the report, three major accomplishments were achieved. First, practice in the field of health care changed, with a heightened emphasis on quality and evidence-based practices. Second, the cooperation of all sectors of the society, not just the health care providers, is enlisted, and third, the manner of dialogue regarding medical errors is framed properly. A good thing with this article is that it did not stop with the achievements of the health care industry, but it also presents the challenges still waiting for the developers and implementors of EHR, as well as the next steps that can be taken. McDonald, C. J., Overhage, J. M., Mamlin, B. W., Dexter, P. D., & Tierney, W. M. (2004). Physicians, information technology, and health care systems: A journey, not a destination. Journal of American Medical Informatics Association, 11(2), 121–124. The authors review three papers discussing CPOE and PCISs in this article. The authors critique the studies both from and individual and collective viewpoint. The reviewers summarize as well as evaluate the arguments of the original papers. In all, this paper questions the great emphasis placed on the promotion of the computerization of the health care information system. It is a great source of a different opinion regarding the possible problems of the rapidly implementing PCISs or CPOE systems. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. (2010). Health information technology: an Initial set of standards, implementation specifications, and certification criteria for electronic health record technology; final rule. Retrieved from http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2010/pdf/2010-17210.pdf The authors develop this set of standards to serve as the guide to the overall processes of an electronic health record (EHR) technology. Effective beginning August 27, 2010, the document provides a comprehensive basis for choosing, developing, implementing, evaluating, assessing, and maintaining of EHR technologies. It is a useful source of information regarding EHRs and its standards of implementation. Open Clinical. (2006). CPOE: Computer physician order entry systems. Retrieved from CPOE Background http://www.openclinical.org/cpoe.html This source is generally an informative article regarding CPOE and is a rich source for background information on CPOE. It provides an overview of CPOE, exploring its history, benefits and issues. A positive aspect of this article is that it is a rich source of studies and literatures regarding CPOE, since the author listed all the references that they used, with detailed annotations of each resource. Pollack, R. (2010). CPOE in an academic medical center: A 20-year journey. Retrieved from FHIMSS http://nchica.org/Past/07/Presentations/Pollack.pdf This source provides a comprehensive review of the occurrences and developments related to CPOE. This review includes the different justifications for CPOE implementation, the readiness of the medical field for CPOE, the benefits of CPOE, its potential pitfalls, unintended consequences, and numerous others. This PowerPoint presentation is a form of “one-stop-shop” of information regarding CPOE, since the author effectively summarizes all pertinent data regarding CPOE. What is more, the author also summarizes the data in such a manner that only the most important details are placed in the slides, but no essential data were missed. Porter Research. (2007). EMR implementation in community hospitals: Critical factors for success. Retrieved from http://www.blackbookrankings.com/pdf/ EMR-Implementation-in-Small-Hospitals.pdf This study aims to look into the different factors that facilitate and hinder the success of implementation of electronic medical records (EMRs). The study finds that the greatest barriers to EMR implementation are time issues (61.5%), resistance to change (48.6%), and no internal support (33.7%). On the other hand, the study finds that the accrediting organizations and the perceived impact of EMRs are the factors facilitating the success of EMR implementation. RAND Health. (2005). Can HIT lower costs and improve quality? RAND Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9136/index1.html This publication of results by the RAND Health looks into the impacts of Health Information Technology (HIT) on the health care system of the United States. According to the author, the implementation of HIT is very beneficial in terms of costs, safety, saving, better health, and others. Different statistics and figures support the argument of the author that HIT should be implemented already throughout the nation. However, the authors fail to show and provide support for their methodology and data collection techniques, which casts a doubt on the study’s findings. Saathoff, A. (2010). Human factors considerations relevant to CPOE implementations. The Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 19(3), 71-78. This study explores the different human factors that affect the success of the implementation of CPOE systems. Acknowledging that resistance can hinder implementation efforts, the author looks into existing literatures to filter the different human factors that should be considered in implementing CPOE. Unlike the previous studies discussed which only focus on the barriers to CPOE implementation, Saathoff listed human factors (i.e. cooperative work, task analysis, etc.) that can be influenced to encourage implementation efforts of CPOE systems. Sengstack, P. P., & Gugert, B. (2005). CPOE Systems: Success factors and implementation issues. The Journal of Healthcare Information Management, 18(1), 36-45. Much like the study by Saathoff (2010), this earlier work by Sengstack and Gugert looks into the different factors that help the success of the implementation of CPOE systems. The findings of this study support those of Saathoff (2005), wherein aspects of human actions and decision such as administrative support and physician empowerment influence the success of CPOE systems implementation. Sittig, D. F., Ash, J. S., Guappone, K. P., Campbell, E. M., & Dykstra, R. H. (2007). Assessing the anticipated consequences of computer-based provider order entry at three community hospitals using an open-ended, semi-structured survey instrument. The International Journal of Medical Informatics, 77(7), 440-447. In this study, researchers aim to determine the different expectations of clinicians in the implementation of CPOE systems. Using an open-ended interview survey template administered before the implementation of the CPOE systems, the respondents were asked regarding their concerns, feelings and thoughts regarding the upcoming changes, especially involving the CPOE. The study finds no negative thoughts or concerns, but in terms of unintended consequences, the respondents seemed optimistic that only a few of these related to the CPOE system will occur. These findings provide insights into the perceptions of end-users regarding CPOE. Thielst, C. B. (2011). A tale of two CPOE deployments. Retrieved from HIT Exchange http://hitexchangemedia.com/articles/septoct-2011/a-tale-of-two-cpoe-deployments/ This article compares two institutions that implemented CPOE systems, one of which failed, while the other succeeded. The hospital unable to maximize CPOE potential was the Cedars-Sinai hospital discussed in the articles of Chin (2003) and Connolly (2005). The other institution, which successfully transitioned to EMR, is the Continuum Health Partners. By comparing the cases of these two hospitals, the author reveals the different ways by which successful CPOE implementation can be achieved. Wenzlow, L. (2010). Final stage 1 meaningful use objectives: Overview and analysis of CPOE objective. Retrieved from Rural Health IT http://www.worh.org/ hit/2010/07/final-stage-1-meaningful-use-objectives-overview-and-analysis-of-cpoe/ This article provides a detailed explanation of what “Meaningful Use” is, what are its uses, and other aspects. It provides an overview of meaningful use, its objectives, measures, and numerous others. The data provided in this site offers a supplement to better understand the paper by Hartz (2011), who used the Meaningful use criteria to explore the case of the Eastern Maine Medical Center. Read More