College Athletes and Sexual Assault in College Campuses - Research Proposal Example

College Athletes and Sexual Assault in College Campuses s affiliation College Athletes and Sexual Assault in College Campuses Introduction In the United States of America, cases of violent crimes have prevailed and the census suggests that the Crime rates in the United stated are among the highest in the world. These cases range from murder, burglary, high profile robbery and highly aggravated violence. Most of these cases have been found to be committed by young adults ranging from the ages of 15 years to the oldest being 24. In 2009, the youths were arrested due to violence against women which included instances of physical battering, sexual assaults and in some; they were psychologically and emotionally violent towards women. In the recent years, young males have been known to believe some specific types of sports were bound to prove their masculinity and therefore in order to show off their masculine, they had to join those specific teams. In the US cultures, all children both girls and boys are subjected to gendered social norms in their early life. Males learn of masculinity since early age and the fact that the community appreciates those who show their prowess by being manly and brave have been seen as the “alpha males”. These values with time get to be internalized and the little ones grow up knowing it is normal to be violent (Schwartz, 2005). This study examines relationship between sexual assault and the members of the athletic teams. The purpose of this paper is to provide a survey and the information about sexual assaults in colleges, the reasons as to its widespread and how to curb this menace in our colleges to protect the students this study also explores the measures that the government, the non-governmental organizations, colleges and universities have put in place to discourage those malice sexual practices. This research is done by conducting a survey of 20 female college students and will reflect on the frequency of assaults by the athletes. It is also designed to dispel myths by providing accurate information about the prevalence of these issues. This survey will also cover the risk factors how to avoid being a victim of sexual assaults and measures taken by the colleges and universities to slow down the rapid increase of the reported cases. This survey was able to divide the college students into two groups which included the high-risk group and the low-risk group, where the high-risk group included college students who were at a higher risk of being sexually assaulted by the athletes or any other bullies in the college and university institution. They included the members of the freshman years and sorority members. Members of the low-risk group which included some athletes were found to be more aggressive and hostile towards women and other members of the low-risk group. This was a reflection to the fact that they were more likely to sexually assault other students. But this is not true for every other group. The discussion below helps explain the inconsistencies found by other researchers in the previous years. Prevalence Over a five year stay in college, a woman risk getting sexually assaulted/ experience sexual assault or attempted assault is between one in five or one in four (Department of Justice , 2000). Across the world, the rates of sexual assaults vary from one country to the other but most often the overall results of the estimates are usually quite troubling. The research done in January 2014 by the White House Council on Women and Girls indicated that, Approximately 1 in every 5 women has been sexually assaulted while in college.. Within the United States, an alarmingly high rate of college women who had been sexually assaulted was reported which ranged between 14% and 28% (Kahn Andreoli Mathie, & Wisniewski, 1987). College students especially in their freshman year are usually between the ages of 16 to 24. This age group of women is four times more likely to be assaulted than any other age group of women (Rennison, 1999) around 25% of college women and 4percent of college men report to have been assaulted during their college years. Studies also indicate that most of these cases go unreported or if reported they are never taken too seriously hence nothing is usually done about it. The fact that there assaults happen between acquaintances blur understanding of assault and of consent therefore reducing the likelihood of reporting it to the authorities. Unlike rape by strangers, acquaintances rape most of the times go unreported and if the victims actually do report it may take weeks or even years to disclose it therefore reducing the chances of the perpetrator to be punished for the assaults. In other cases, the victims of assault are usually too scared to go report the case or are afraid to let people know of the assault. Researchers also believe that in the recent past the number of sexual assault cases have drastically increased among college students over the years. This was seen in the statistics done in and around Boston across 22 largest campuses which revealed that the number of sexual assault rose by nearly 40% between 2008 and 2012. The number of assaults reported in 2012 was the highest number ever recorded in the history of college assaults which involved 113 sexual assaults in Boston area colleges. Example of these colleges included; Harvard University which was seen to have the highest number of assaults per year. The number of sexual assault cases in 2008 was 19 which rose to 38 in 2012. Umass reported the second highest number of sexual assault cases which rose from 0 in 2008 to 13 cases in 2012. Boston University and Northeastern University also reported about two sexual assaults. The graph below explains the rise in the number of assaults over the years among the university students of the three colleges mentioned above: The chart below shows the frequency of sexual assaults according to situations when it happened according to the statistics compiled by New York State Coalition against Sexual Assault. According to the chart, studies showed that 80% of all sexual assaults were committed by acquaintance of the victim (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001) this meant that, the victims actually knew the offenders and interacted with them in their daily colleges activities 48.8 percent of the college women did not consider the assault as rape- date rape-as the study concluded, this group of individuals in most cases had taken alcohol, drugs and/or were incapacitated when the event of sexual assault occurred. Reports showed that almost all of these cases were reported to have occurred at night or in the early mornings after a night of partying. Another 50% of the attacks were associated with alcohol use (Abbey et. al 1996a, 1998; Copenhaver & Grauelholz, 1991; Harrington and Leitenberg1994; Presley et.al. 1999). the same survey also stated that about 56% of the assaults happened to the freshmen- who had newly joined the institution. And 23 % were assaults the victims were familiar with, who were well known to them. These group of individuals included ex-boyfriends and colleagues who in most cases were thought to be “harmless” therefore the victims could not have anticipated on the happenings. A lot of literature has blamed the members of the athletic teams for sexual assaults and in most cases end up in the newspapers headlines like in the case of Simpson v. University of Colorado (8/24/2006) where two students were sexually assaulted by football players and they sued the University. Everyone has come to perceive that only the athletes in colleges and universities that do every crime possible. It’s not always the case and the population should not sorely blame the athletes for all the sexual assault crimes without doing further research. Reasons why sexual assault is blamed on the athletes Some researchers gathered statistics of about 107 cases reported at 30 schools in a specific division in the period between 1991 and 1993 (Crosset, Benedict & McDonald, 1995) which showed that the number of athletes in a specific college only make up 3% of the population but they account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults.. The research also concluded that in every 3 sexual assaults committed in college, one of them involved an athlete. Gage (2008) compared gender attitudes and sexual behaviors among male athletes who were competing for the non- traditional sports to the rest of the students to compare their attitude towards the female students the findings revealed that those athletes were more aggressive and had bad attitudes towards other male counterparts. They were also hostile towards women and showed them sexual aggression. The British undergraduate students who were involved in those specific sports showed a lot more violent behavior. Smith and Stewart (2003) also did a similar research and found out that the students that were participating in contact sports were a lot more aggressive than those who were participating in non-contact sports. After data analysis, Smith and Stuart determined that contact sport athletes were no more aggressive than the other two groups. The researchers also concluded that men who believed that it’s okay to sexually harass women were more likely to perpetrate sexual violence. Locke and Mahalik (2005) surveyed 254 male undergraduates at about 4 institutions which comprised on 2 colleges that did not have lots of students and another two large colleges which were both public and private. The researchers decided to survey on the level of alcohol abuse and athletics involvement. The results revealed that involvement in athletics was not a strong determinant to sexual aggression. However, those who had higher levels of alcohol consumption rates proved to be more aggressive and were prone to sexual violence towards women. They further reported that away from the colleges, overall general population has conviction rate of 80% involving sexual assaults while for the athletes involved only 38%. Another study which involved 1050 athletes and about 10,000 college students reported that the group of athletes was 5.5 times more likely to admit to behavior that could be defined as rape (Melnick, 1992). There are several reasons as to the increase of this great tragedy which includes; the fact that the sports culture in colleges is highly valued which makes the athletes have a sense of celebrity entitlement. This kind of celebrity status makes them to think that they are above the law and can do anything to the group of “lower status” which makes them prone to sexual assaults. Also the fact that the tradition of aggression doesn’t make it any better. The sports culture values and encourages aggression. When the athletes transfer this aggression away from the field to the social arenas, it can lead to sexual conquests that exhibit the same kind of “just do it” mentality that gains them accolades in the playing field. Male sports teams especially the famous and successful ones have enjoyed more attention and financial supports therefore if one of its members commit a crime of sexual harassment, he is more prone to getting lenient punishments therefore making them believe that they are above the law as the expectations and limits which the other students adhere to does not apply to them. The athletes are usually prone to peer-pressure and commit assaults at higher rates than the other men because of the group mentality in that when one member commits assaults, the others may follow suit or become co-participants rather than challenge the wrongdoer.80% of the harassment was reported as being peer-to-peer (American Association of University Women, 2006). Because sports bring so much money to the institution and also the fact that the athletes reflect the reputation of a school, the school administration and officials are usually more protective of the athletes than the other students. Therefore when an athlete commits an assault, the administration usually covers up the crime dismissing the victims as liars and are usually ignored and dismissed. If the cases happen to reach the court of law, the administration usually provide the athletes with top notch lawyers and legal representatives which are usually unavailable to the victims. This makes the athletes believe that they can commit any kind of crime without consequences and he is likely to commit more subsequent assaults. Large majorities of rapists are never apprehended (Carr, &VanDeusen, 2004). Risk Factors A risk factor is any attribute or character of an individual that exposes them to a specific kind of risk. In this case the study puts forward the characters and habit of college students that make them prone to sexual assaults in universities and colleges. This part is meant to discourage them especially the high-risk individuals from participating in such habits and /or putting up measures to protect them from sexual assaults. These risk factors include: Alcohol and drug use: A majority of sexual assaults in campuses are categorized as “incapacitated sexual assault”. This results when a victim is drunk, asleep, under the influence of drugs or passed out. Research shows that about 60% of all assaults involve alcohol (abbey 2002; Carr & VanDeusen, 2004). After indulging in alcohol and substance abuse, the athletes tend to be violent and aggressive and usually result to assaulting fellow students. In other cases, they usually take advantage of the incapacitated students as they see themselves as the “alpha males” and can do anything without consequences. In most cases, athletes and fraternities vary widely in their attitudes and behavior towards women especially in the parties (Boswell &Spade 1996). Sometimes during binge drinking, students may get sexually assaulted without her knowledge after “blacking out”. This means that she will never know who did it and so most of such cases go unreported. A study done in 2006 found out that about half of rapes reported in colleges took place after the preparatory and or the victim had been drinking (Tjaden &Thoennes, 2006). The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) performed a study on female students from two public universities. The study was meant to distinguish between forced and physical assaults from incapacitated assaults. The researchers used the term “incapacitated” which actually meant that the victim was totally drunk or asleep or drugged. This research was able to reveal that alcohol was the main factor that was mostly associated with sexual assaults more than any other drugs. The table below indicated their response lifetime Before college After college Any form of sexual assault 1164 590 782 Physical sexual assault N/A 322 256 Incapacitated sexual assault N/A 377 651 Alcohol and drugs use N/A N/A 566 Involuntary consumption of drugs/ being drugged N/A N/A 31 Class rank and age: During the first week of college, students are most vulnerable and the athletes usually take advantage of their young age. A researches found out that women is college who were under the age of 21 were more prone to assaults than the older women (Mohler-Kuo et al, 2004).A researcher found out that, during the first year of college, about 84% of students experienced sexual coercive experiences (Gross et al., 2006). Living Environment: Sexual assaults were found to occur mostly to women living in the fraternities and in the nightclubs and bars. According to the research done, ladies who lived in the sorority houses were more prone to sexual assaults than any other group of students (Copenhaver &Grauelholz, 1991; Franklin, 2010) Cullen and Turner(2000) found out that 10.3 percent of the total number of rapes reported were from the fraternity houses. Many previous intimate partners: Studies have shown that the women who previously had many sexual partners had increased chances of being sexually assaulted by his previous partners. Day of the week: In previous studies, most of the sexual assaults were reported to have taken place on weekends or during the public holidays when most people usually have nothing to do but just idle around campus. More than half of these weekend assaults were reported to have happened between midnight and 6.00 AM. Conflicting results Contemporary research indicated that the likelihood of involvement in assaults and violence was unevenly spread across teams in that, members of some sports teams like rugby, basketball and football showed more aggression compared to members of the tennis, golf and cricket teams. This also proved that the athletes that played in teams were rather more aggressive compared to the athletes that played individually e.g. Swimming and tennis (Sawyer et.al, 2002). Scholars have done a number of studies to examine the relationship between athletic team membership and sexual assaults which in most cases they end up getting mixed results. Jackson, (1991) decided to do a questionnaire regarding personal experiences of both male and female college athletes. The results he got concluded that the assaults by athletes were almost the same as the non-athletes. In order to understand these conflicting findings, one must put in to consideration the fact that some athletic teams offer environments conducive to sexual assaults which includes parties where they are able to get strong peer- support and sexual assaults are likely to occur. In some other parties, members of a specific team might not have strong peer support therefore making it unlikely for sexual assaults. Boswell and Spade (1996) found that the party atmosphere deferred among different teams. They were able to determine which parties were more likely to result to sexual assaults. The parties that were less likely to result to sexual assaults were friendlier and calmer compared to the high-risk parties. Women were also treated respectfully and the music was not too loud and also the crowd was not too overwhelming. On the other hand, the high risk parties had one gender ratio which was higher than the other. Most of these times, more men were present compared to the number of women present. Boswell and spade (1996) concluded that the high-risk parties were less conducive to conversations because the music was louder and there was a large crowd. As the conversations decreased, the men became more aggressive. Risk assessment In the process of taking this survey, we took a risk assessment to determent which teams posed a higher risk of sexual assault. We did this by giving a questionnaire which listed all the athletic teams on campus and the answers were supposed to be responded by ranging from 1 meaning “not likely” and 10 meaning “likely to be high risk”. This survey involved 30 women who were at different levels in their college years. The first question was about which group parties posed more dangers of sexual assaults. If it was a high risk party, they were supposed to grade it as a 10 and if no risk was involved in the party, it was rated as a (1). For those who were not familiar with the partying atmosphere, they were supposed to leave it blank. The second question was about whether the women have ever experienced any form of sexual assault during their years at school. 10 of them had experienced attempted sexual assault since entering college. 8 of the 10 women admitted that it had happened during their freshman only one of them admitted to have been date-raped by her boyfriend. Most of these ladies also admitted that they never reported the matter to the authorities. The rest of the questions were about the membership of the students to specific teams. The results were as expected. The students stated two specific teams as the most risky groups in that they engaged more in sexual assaults. The results ranged from 6.54 to 6.87. Participants For this survey to be as accurate as possible, 30 women students were chosen from different races, backgrounds and different levels in the college institution. In a group of 30 people, 5 came from a group of high-risk individuals which included first year students, 5 from low-risk individuals which included third and fourth year students; 5 from the high-risk athletic teams which included a swimming and tennis athletes; 5 were nonmembers who didn’t participate in any kind of athletics and another 5 were members of the low-risk groups what included basketball and football athletes. The remaining 5 members included members of the fraternity. Everyone agreed to participate in the questionnaire. In that group of participants, 5 of every group members came from a different race.5 were white, 5 were African American, 5 were Hispanic, 5 were Asian and another 5 were Native Americans and the researchers made sure they all had an average age of 20.4. Measures A questionnaire was structures which involved 12 questions that were meant to highlight the levels of sexual aggressions the women had encountered. The participants also were supposed to indicate their race and their membership of the specific club in the college institution. The measures used by Koss &Gainess (1993), to determine drugs use and intensity of drinking was also used in this survey. The frequency of drinking was measured on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 meant that the individual do not consume alcoholic beverages and 10 indicated cases of individuals that got drunk daily. Also drinking intensity was measured where 1 meant that the individual drunk moderately and 10 indicated the individual getting totally “wasted”. This drinking survey was done in order to highlight the chances in which those women were prone to sexual assault. The women who indicated 10 in the questionnaire had higher chances of getting sexually assaulted while “wasted” compared to a woman who indicated 2to 5 meaning moderate drinking. The ethnicity of the women was indicated in the questionnaire because; according to studies white women and Native Americans were more prone to getting sexually assaulted while Asians had the minimal risk (Tjaden & Theoness, 2006). However the studies indicated that the white women were less likely to experienced forced physical assaults and sexual assaults compared to other ethnicities Mohler-Kuo et al., 2004). Results As expected the results for sexual assaults turned out positive in the high-risk groups of women. It also turned out that the group of women who usually took alcohol at a range of more that 5 had cases of more sexual assaults compared the ladies who indicated in the questionnaire that then had alcohol of a range of 5 and below. Also as expected, the white ladies and the Native Americans stated that they had experienced a lot more sexual assaults compared to the rest of the ethnicities. Asian women who took the survey had the least cases of sexual assaults. Liabilities caused by sexual assaults According to Title IX sexual harassment can be termed as a source of discrimination so severe and it can also be seen as pervasive, and objectively offensive that it effectively bars the victim’s access to an educational opportunity or benefit.” When one is held responsible the college or the university involved must be held responsible over the perpetrator and the Supreme Court argues that, a school becomes legally responsible when the school’s response to harassment “is clearly unreasonable in light of the known circumstances. The Supreme Court has ruled that a college or university receiving federal funding may have to pay damages to the victim of student-on-student sexual harassment or assault if the victim can show that the college acted with “deliberate indifference to known acts of harassment in its programs or activities. In the past few years, survivors of sexual assault have successfully sued universities in both federal and state courts for indifference to known situations of harassment: In 2007 a federal appeals court ruled against the University of Georgia for recruiting, admitting, and neglecting to supervise a student athlete who later raped a fellow student. University administrators knew the athlete had harassed women at other colleges and had been removed from those schools. As part of the settlement in the case, the university paid the victim substantial damages, established an Office for Violence Prevention, and created a new Relationship and sexual violence policy. A federal appeals court ruled in 2007 that the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU) could be sued under Title IX for rapes that took place in the context of its football recruiting program. The court held that the evidence in the case could indicate that the risk of rape during recruiting visits was so obvious that CU violated Title IX by ignoring this risk.CU settled the case for $2.85 million in damages to the victims, hired new staff for the Office of Victim Assistance. At the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, two students received combined payments of $455,000 after a federal appeals court ruled in 2007 that a coach’s alleged harassment of female athletes could constitute a Title IX violation. Similarly, in 2008 a state appeals court found that the University of Washington could be liable under Title IX for a single instance of peer-on-peer sexual assault by a member of the football team. Insist that the administration respond to victims’ needs and take action to protect students. Urge the college administration to respond appropriately so it can avoid the “deliberate indifference” that could render the school liable under Title IX. Some states have laws that go Farther than Title IX in protecting victims of assault: In 2007 the New Jersey Supreme Court, applying the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, ruled that a school will be liable when it “knew or should have known” about student sexual harassment, but “failed to take action reasonably calculated to end the harassment.” Other states have similar laws, including the Florida Education Equity Act, the Rhode Island Civil Rights Act of 1990, the Maine Human Rights Act, the Minnesota Human Rights Act, and the Washington Law against Discrimination Recommendations for Institutional Practice Currently there are only a few published cases which have faced the liability under IX, most of the survey indicates that almost all crimes are committed by the athletes compared to the non-athletes. For that reason, the campus institutions should ensure that the athletic programs ensure the following policies are adhered to: Recruiting: No matter how anxious the school might be to recruit a high performance athlete, they must always be keen on checking his background to avoid mishap like it was experienced in the Simpson case. A player should not be recruited if he had been previously involved in sexual misconducts. If at all he gets to be recruited, he must always be monitored closely to avoid the same sexual assault from happening again. Codes of conducts: most of the universities and colleges have in the recent past put in place specific codes of conducts which should always be followed by the athletes. Example of such code of conduct is the one that was put in place in 2003 by University of Wisconsin-Madison which required immediate suspension if any athletic player was involved in any kind of felony or violence. Training on sexual harassment and sexual assault: the university institution should always train their athletes. That way the campus administration will be sure that their athletes have education on how to stop sexual harassment and violence. Policies discouraging alcohol and drug use by athletes: in almost every reported assault, there is a relation to drug use and overindulgence of alcohol. By putting a strict measure against alcohol and drugs use, the university administration would be sure to reduce the number of sexual assault cases. Quick institutional response to allegations of assault: in almost all the documented cases, the university and college administrations have been blamed to not taking immediate action and in some cases totally ignored the allegations. Prompt and effective discipline: there have been cases where the athletes have gotten away with violent assaults just because they happen to be highly valued by the college institution. This should not be the case and every athlete should be disciplined the same way as any other student. Conclusion More research needs to be done in order to reduce the number of sexual assaults in the high-risk group of individuals. As Boswell & Spade (1996) found out, the low and high-risk individuals are easily identifiable. Also as this study found out their high visibility would come as an advantage to the college and university’s administrations as they could focus on those groups in order to reduce the rapidly rising cases of sexual assaults. Coaches and athletes need to start making a difference by making a pact between themselves and putting up strict measures in the event of sexual assaults. Men especially the athletes are encouraged to be game changers by playing a role in preventing sexual assaults. 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