Spanking Children - Annotated Bibliography Example

Spanking Children An Annotated bibliography Park, Alice."The Long-Term Effects of Spanking." Time Magazine. 3 May CNN Money. 14 April 2012 This article written by Park in Time’s has cited a short research of long term effect of spanking on children. Many parents use spanking as a tool to get the desired behavior out of their children. This research in Time magazine article states that spanking works only for short period of time and its long-term effects are very adverse on mental and personality development of a child. The research published by Tulane University Pediatrics states that, spanking controls the behavior for time being but eventually it destroys self-esteem, confidence and brings out emotional conflicts with parents. The study indicated that 2,500 kids who were spanked very often at the age of 3 were more likely to be aggressive at age 5. Catherine A. Taylor, PhD, MSW, MPHa, Jennifer A. Manganello, PhD, MPHb, Shawna J. Lee, PhD, MSW, MPPc, Janet C. Rice, PhD. " Spanking Kids Can Make Them More Aggressive Later." AAP. 7 Jan 2010, American Academy of Pediatrics .14 April 2012 < http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2010/04/12/peds.2009-2678.abstract>. According to the research of AAP parents should adapt counseling as a way to improve their children behavior rather than using spanking to reinforce desired behavior. The famous research study, “Mothers’ Spanking of 3-Year-Old Children and Subsequent Risk of Children’s Aggressive Behavior,” was published online on April 14, 2010 in which survey of 2,500 mother were taken asking how often they have spanked their children in past 3 months. The research concluded that those children who were spanked at age of 3 were more aggressive when they reached age 5. Therefore, we can determine that spanking does not bring out discipline in children but makes them aggressive for life long. Bond ,K. Emily. "Spanking vs. Child Abuse: Can You Tell if a Mom Goes Too Far?" The Stir. 27 Aug 2010. 14 April 2012 < http://thestir.cafemom.com/toddler/108662/spanking_vs_child_abuse_can > Bond has worked for various publications such as The Oprah Magazine, Ladies Home Journal, O and The Village Voice, along with writing for ivillage and New YorkMag website. She gave two main stances related to corporal punishment in her article; first spanking a child without any reason is an abuse and secondly hitting a child on a face is humiliating for kid. In her article, she has quoted an incident in which a mother slapped her 13 months old child that points a question towards parents. She has criticized how parents can use corporal punishment on such a young child. Belkin, Lisa. " When Is Spanking Child Abuse?" Motherlode. 21 Oct 2008, NewYork Times. 14 April 2012 < http://parenting.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/when-is-spanking-child-abuse/> Belkin is an article publisher in NewYork Times and usually targets readers interested in psychological studies. In her article “When is spanking child abuse?” she has quoted various stories of parents and child in which they have spanked their children; some gave justified reason for spanking and some went beyond the limits which made spanking a child abuse. United Nation has taken a step to end parental corporal punishment. Towards which totally 23 countries have banned any type of corporal punishment but in this list of countries United States is not included. However, they clearly stand against child abuse. Corporal punishment is quite common way used by parents to control a child’s behavior. Sometimes parents are already frustrated and a little vicissitudes in child behavior leads to corporal punishment. Rivas, Keren. " Is Spanking Child Abuse? Jury Says No." The Times News. 24 March 2010, Times-News. 14 April 2012 < http://www.thetimesnews.com/articles/jury-32565-abuse-says.html> Many researches and human rights organizations stand against spanking and corporal punishment. In Graham, USA a man was brought to court for spanking his child when his mother who visited him on weekend found red marks of belt on kid’s buttocks. For this jury did not sentence him to jail because a father was justified to punish his son for a mistake. When we talk about spanking and its effect in psychological terms we stand against it completely because of its negative psychological effects on person’s mind. However, on other side USA state law is not yet strong and honest enough to support psychological researches. Miller, Alice. “Resolving the Effects of Child Mistreatment.” Alice-Miller.16 Nov 2006, 14 April 2012 < http://www.alice-miller.com/articles_en.php?lang=en&nid=101&grp=11> Miller is renowned author and psychologist who did lots of work on child abuse. She also wrote her experience of child abuse from her parents in one of her books. She like many other developmental psychologist believes in the important of theories of development and how conflict in developmental time leads to life long issues. According to her, one cannot completely free a person from past but can control the persons thought and effect of past through detaching them from their past conflicts. This is why she opposed spanking as it leads to lifelong issues in a person. When we see spanking as a traumatic effect on children, we can come up with a stance that spanking leads to strong emotional conflicts between parent and child and later in life a child does recall and associate his spanking experience for one of his reasons for emotional distress. University of Montreal. "Spare the rod, spoil the child? Excessive punishment can have lasting psychological impact on children, researchers say." ScienceDaily, 21 Sep. 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. University of Montreal has conducted and supported various studies and researches related to spanking and corporal punishments. According to them, there are numerous negative effects of spanking on a child. Usually parents treat children harshly so that they can control them with fear and sometime annoying attitude of children make them angry and frustrated. Studies of University of Montreal are conducting studies on how parents’ harsh behavior leads to conflict in emotional and self-development of a child. According to their study, there is a high chance that those children who are made to obey on fear have higher possibility to develop anxiety disorder especially social phobia, panic attacks and separation anxiety. Other studies also support that controlling children forcefully such as coercive parenting can also leads to anxiety in child. Professor at University of Montreal, Francoise Maheu did a study on spanking in which he correlates the changes in brain activity of cerebral with fear and anxiety. Murray A. Straus, PhD; David B. Sugarman, PhD; Jean Giles-Sims, PhD. " Spanking by Parents and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior of Children " Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(8):761-76. Web. 15 April. 2012. The objective of this study was to study the relationship between corporal punishment and antisocial behavior by seeing the level of antisocial behavior in children. In addition, through the result it was concluded that 44% mothers who reported spanking their children week before the research was conducted had higher level of antisocial traits. Gershoff, Elizabeth Thompson. " Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review." PsycINFO Database Record (2002): 539-579. Web. 14 April. 2012. In this study, Gershoff did meta-analyses of link between corporal punishment and behavior of 11 children. According to his study parental corporal punishment leads to higher levels of immediate obedience in a child which later leads to aggression. Moreover, it leads to lower levels of moral internalization and poor mental health. Through this and many other studies we can conclude with a support of different researches that parental corporal punishment can leads to serious unhealthy mental development of a child. Moreover, can sum-up that spanking and other corporal punishments can give short-term immediate obedience towards parents but can later leads to aggression, low self-esteem, anxiety disorders and poor self-image. Read More