Electrical and Electronic Circuit Design - Lab Report Example

ECE Circuit Lab Report Student’s Name Course Institution of Affiliation City Date of Submission Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Discussion 8 Risk assessment 13 Conclusion 14 References 15 Figure 1 Series connection of resistors 5 Figure 2 Parallel connection of the circuit 6 Figure 3 Thevenin equivalent circuit 7 Figure 4 Circuit simulation of R1, R2 and Rl 10 Figure 5 Thevenin circuit 10 Figure 6 Equivalent circuit Rth 12 Abstract At the outset, electronics and electrical design draws its strength from the basic foundation of design and analysis that are done in laboratory. Complex circuits as well as multitasking systems, have their fundamental principle anchored from the basic principle of circuit design. To add on this, the general design as well as the implementation of systems have recently hit a notch higher due to innovation of software that are capable of circuit simulation such as proteus. This recent technologies have become the building block of advanced systems in electrical engineering even with expansion to their usefulness. Theoretical understanding and analysis of systems as well as designing them to meet certain specifications, and coming up with a design that meets all necessary specification draws its strengths from electrical and electronics experimental designs. In this experiment, the design aim is to develop circuits in the lab and finding out the necessary skills required to develop circuits that are capable of meeting certain specification globally. Introduction The fundamental law in this experiment is the Ohms law. It is from this that a constant is determined as the resistance (R) which is independent of the current and voltage. Subsequently there exists a proportion of voltage and current as shown in the Ohms law equation above. In electrical and electronic design of systems, the foundation is as well rooted from Ohms law. In the aforementioned equation, V is the voltage across the circuit whereas I refers to the current flow within the circuit denoted by the SI unit: Amperes (A). The resistance has the SI units as ohms (𝛀). The equation above, there is an implication that; given a resistor with its resistance being constant, the voltage across the circuit is directly proportional to the current that flows in it. If the voltage is withheld then form the equation, the resistance of the circuit is inversely proportional to the current. Notably, reversing the polarity of the voltage, current would still flow due to the potential difference (PD), the only alteration will be that the direction of the current flow will be in the opposite direction. Kirchhoff’s law, Thevenin theorem, superposition theory are all images of the ohms law hence key in this lab experiment[Lab09]. Mathematically the definition is found to be: R is independent of voltage and current. Further analysis of Ohm’s law defines current to be the flow of electrons for a given duration of time. Voltage on the other hand is defined as the potential difference across a circuit. It is from the electric potential that the current flows from source to sink. On the other hand, circuits’ resistance is the difficulty upon which the electrons flow find it difficult in a particular circuit and it entirely depends on the nature of the material. Materials which are described to have very low resistance are termed as conductors whereas those materials that have high resistance are referred to as insulators. Further, analysis of circuits requires that the energy source which is voltage, the load commonly referred to as resistance and the flow of electrons which is current is known. The materials that constitute the load is actually the resistance or in short the resistors. It is from this principle upon which the experiment was based on selection of resistors. In summary form, the potential difference theoretically will cause the flow of current but the resistors will lead to hampering of the flow hence causing resistance. The resistors used in this experiment had different levels of resistance depending with material composition. The value of resisters is conventionally determined from the color codes. Resistors can be connected either in series or in parallel. Since the connection of resistors is different for both cases, similarly voltage drop is considered different. Engineers have to weigh between the parallel and series connection, which one is the best for a particular situation . Figure 1 Series connection of resistors Figure 2 Parallel connection of the circuit Given that two resistors say R1 and R2 and are in series connection the total resistance withen the circuit is calculated as: If similar resistors were connected in parallel then total resistance within the circuit is calculated as follows: In circuit analysis, Thevenin theorem that is built from the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is vital in experiments as well as in real life situation. It ensures that the maximum amount of power that will be degenerated in the resister at the load as soon as the value of the load resistance is precisely equivalent to the resistance of the source power. The connection concerning the load resistance and the inner resistance of the power source will yield the energy at the load. In this lab experiment, basic principles in determining circuit analysis of complex circuit is analyzed within the lab peripherals. It is required that the Thevenin equivalent circuit which during the connection of load resistor, (), the impedance of the source can be determined. Connecting Load resistance in the output terminals of the circuit, the load resistance varies from its state (open circuit state) to short-circuit form henceforth the power that is absorbed at the load turn out to be reliant on the real power source. Therefore, the resistance of the load (), for it to absorb all-out power then it has to be harmonized/marched to the resistance emanating from source. The maximum power transfer is as shown in the circuit herein: Figure 3 Thevenin equivalent circuit In the definition of Thevenin circuit, maximum power transfer will is defined as the total power that will be degenerated in the resistance of the load if it is equivalent to the value of Norton or Thevenin resistance at the source of the circuit network that supplies the power. The analysis of the discussion will build on the above theory. Discussion Task A. Load Resistance Constructing and Testing From the given formula, the value of RL is calculated as Therefore, since the student ID is to be applied then the calculation yields The voltage The load voltage Th total current The load current Task C And are in parallel hence finding the equivalent resistance is as shown Since then, the reciprocal of deduce to be equivalent to: Therefore, the total circuit resistance is found to be as follows: From Ohms law the supply current, theoretical is calculated as follows: The current on the load can be found by getting the voltage drop across and then calculating the difference. The value obtained will be the voltage across and since the two resistors are in parallel.voltage drop across from Ohms law is equal to Therefore, Hence the voltage drop is equal to Since and are in parallel then the load current is equal to: Figure 4 Circuit simulation of R1, R2 and Rl The descripancies in the data is as a result of human error when carrying out the experiment. Similarly, the color codes of the resistors seemed to be similar due to time spun of use. To add on this, whiole carryon out he experiment, the breadboard used contributed to the general resistance of the circuit. This was not acounted for during the experiment. TASK D Given the circuit, Figure 5 Thevenin circuit From Thevenin theorem, the resistance at the output terminals when all sources of voltages is replaced with a short circuit can be found as follows: Hence the total resistance is equal to The equivalent circuit is then simulated at proteus as follows: Figure 6 Equivalent circuit Rth Risk assessment In each and every work place, the foundation of safety must be fully in cooperated. Cases of accidents and deaths have been reported in many areas and industries. In this lab experiment, safety measures are very vital hence the need to asses risks. Several cases have since been witnessed where electric shock has dealt with individuals until succumbing death. It is therefore key to asses risks by eliminating the risks, minimizing , such as application safer voltages and current, controlling e.g. employing hardware methods, and appliying competence in the working area. Safe test is among the key applications of risk assessment. This calls for setting up control test assessment areas that brings into attention to each individual involved in electrical testing entirely free from the risk. Some of the practices to ensure safe test areas is enhanced includes, having a selected room designed with special protection structures and with secured entrances to inhibit unauthorized personnel into the chamber. Another way is to have barriers that only authorized students and staff can get in. Among the other risk assessment calls for performing only authorized experiment in the laboratory. This goes along mile into preventing students and other lab users from coming into contact with unnoticed danger or exposed conducting surfaces. It is also key to earth all test machines and equipment. During experiments, users might accidentally step on the exposed surfaces leading to fatal accident that would otherwise have been mitigated. Amongst other dangers are the supply sources. Injuries from sources which are not earthed or not referenced from supply sources. Standardization of equipment also is among the key factors that enables risk assessment within the laboratory. It is required that the lab technician ensures that all set equipment meets the standardization protocols set worldwide. This practice is not only key in mitigating and assessing risks but also betters the accuracy of the experiments. The requirement is that the lab technician should ensure that the equipment is safe for use. Even though this is key and vital, personal responsibility to follow the laid instructions superimposes all other factors. Conclusion In this lab experiment, basic principles in determining circuit analysis of complex circuit is analyzed within the lab peripherals. It is required that the Thevenin equivalent circuit which during the connection of load resistor, (), the impedance of the source can be determined. Connecting Load resistance in the output terminals of the circuit, the load resistance varies from its state (open circuit state) to short-circuit form henceforth the power that is absorbed at the load turn out to be reliant on the real power source. Thevenin theorem that is defined in line with Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is vital in experiments as well as in real life situation. It ensures that the maximum amount of power that will be degenerated in the resister at the load as soon as the value of the load resistance is precisely equivalent to the resistance of the source power. The connection concerning the load resistance and the inner resistance of the power source will yield the energy at the load. It is therefore crucial to analyze circuits in before practical implementation. Safety measures in the lab is very important to any engineer hence the need to comprehend and apply during working hours. References Lab09: , (Manager, November 19, 2009), Read More

On the other hand, circuits’ resistance is the difficulty upon which the electrons flow find it difficult in a particular circuit and it entirely depends on the nature of the material. Materials which are described to have very low resistance are termed as conductors whereas those materials that have high resistance are referred to as insulators. Further, analysis of circuits requires that the energy source which is voltage, the load commonly referred to as resistance and the flow of electrons which is current is known.

The materials that constitute the load is actually the resistance or in short the resistors. It is from this principle upon which the experiment was based on selection of resistors. In summary form, the potential difference theoretically will cause the flow of current but the resistors will lead to hampering of the flow hence causing resistance. The resistors used in this experiment had different levels of resistance depending with material composition. The value of resisters is conventionally determined from the color codes.

Resistors can be connected either in series or in parallel. Since the connection of resistors is different for both cases, similarly voltage drop is considered different. Engineers have to weigh between the parallel and series connection, which one is the best for a particular situation . Figure 1 Series connection of resistors Figure 2 Parallel connection of the circuit Given that two resistors say R1 and R2 and are in series connection the total resistance withen the circuit is calculated as: If similar resistors were connected in parallel then total resistance within the circuit is calculated as follows: In circuit analysis, Thevenin theorem that is built from the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is vital in experiments as well as in real life situation.

It ensures that the maximum amount of power that will be degenerated in the resister at the load as soon as the value of the load resistance is precisely equivalent to the resistance of the source power. The connection concerning the load resistance and the inner resistance of the power source will yield the energy at the load. In this lab experiment, basic principles in determining circuit analysis of complex circuit is analyzed within the lab peripherals. It is required that the Thevenin equivalent circuit which during the connection of load resistor, (), the impedance of the source can be determined.

Connecting Load resistance in the output terminals of the circuit, the load resistance varies from its state (open circuit state) to short-circuit form henceforth the power that is absorbed at the load turn out to be reliant on the real power source. Therefore, the resistance of the load (), for it to absorb all-out power then it has to be harmonized/marched to the resistance emanating from source. The maximum power transfer is as shown in the circuit herein: Figure 3 Thevenin equivalent circuit In the definition of Thevenin circuit, maximum power transfer will is defined as the total power that will be degenerated in the resistance of the load if it is equivalent to the value of Norton or Thevenin resistance at the source of the circuit network that supplies the power.

The analysis of the discussion will build on the above theory. Discussion Task A. Load Resistance Constructing and Testing From the given formula, the value of RL is calculated as Therefore, since the student ID is to be applied then the calculation yields The voltage The load voltage Th total current The load current Task C And are in parallel hence finding the equivalent resistance is as shown Since then, the reciprocal of deduce to be equivalent to: Therefore, the total circuit resistance is found to be as follows: From Ohms law the supply current, theoretical is calculated as follows: The current on the load can be found by getting the voltage drop across and then calculating the difference.

The value obtained will be the voltage across and since the two resistors are in parallel.

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