Rogerian Argument Articles Analysis - Annotated Bibliography Example

Rogerian Argument In any argument, all want to be winners none wishes to lose. Not all arguments assume that scholars or readers will make a yes or no, innocent or guilty decision. Thus, most arguments are built towards a consensus. Carl Rogers developed the rogerian argument approach. The argument assumes that willing authors can find common ground with the scholars. Carl suggested that with the rogerian approach if the scholar and author can find a middle ground on the problem then both are likely to find a solution to that particular problem. When introducing a rogerian argument, the author presents the problem highlighting how the author and scholar are affected by the problem thus it does not commence with the authors position. Rogerian Argument on Super virus Super viruses is developed by scientist to counter viral and bacterial infections. Their view is of that the super virus can repress the virus propagating in an organism. Such scientific progress or (regress) has drawn different views from different circles. Its proponents argue that the super virus provides the best chance for science to find weaknesses to viral or bacterial pandemics. They are of the view that they can isolate the virus and use it to create vaccines and viral cures. However, its opponents are adamant that before the super virus can be introduced to repress diseases it is wise to have clearly laid out guidelines before the super virus can be used as a preventive measure. Issues such as its vulnerabilities should also be tackled to ensure that the super virus does not by-pass the immune system; thus, the pathogen may be a hazard to other living organisms. Risks of biological attacks should also be addressed in case the virus was to fall in the hands of attackers. So is it wise to have a super virus? Maggie Fox, Scientist Makes Mutant, and Infectious Flu Virus in Lab. June 2014 Retrieved from: http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/scientist-makes-mutant-infectious-flu-virus-lab-n128936 The article highlights the creation of the ‘Spanish Flu’ mutant version in 1918. The mutant pathogen was responsible for the death of tens of millions of people. The results of the super pathogen were devastating; it resulted in the rethinking of whether such pathogens were too dangerous and if they could be managed in case of an outbreak. Yoshiro Kawaoka, an expert from the University of Wisconsin, argues that research is important to assist scientist to cosiesly comprehend how pathogens mutate, how pandemic commence so as to develop preventive measures through vaccines. However, he also cautions that it is prudent to note the pathogen adaptations carefully so that in case of an outbreak they are better prepared to control it. PLoS journal of medicine suggests that the experimentation of a super virus exposes public health to significant risk especial of the biomedical nature. Klippel-Cooper, Victoria Virus 2013. Booktango The book follows the research of Professor Richards, who worked on a genetically modified rotavirus. He says that blood work samples collected from the victims should signs of an unidentifiable virus. It was challenging for him to isolate the virus but after successive trials he succeeded. He took blood samples from the rest of the people and the pathologic staff and found minimum level of the virus. The results indicated that the pathogen was highly infectious. According to Professor Richard, the risk of modifying a virus is that it may result in the formation of a super virus that may propagate and mutate resulting in a worldwide pandemic. Farberov, S., “Is this wise? Controversial scientist recreates pandemic flu virus that killed 500,000 people… except its WORSE.” July 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2677359/Controversial-scientist-recreates-H1N1-flu-virus-killed-500-000-people-version-RESISTANT-vaccine.html The editorial focuses on a researcher who tried to imitate the development of the ‘Spanish Flu’ created in 1918. The researcher came up with more resistant strain of H1N1. It outlines how Yoshiro Kawaoka made human beings defenseless against the modified strain. His research was meant to study the evolution of the strain. The article indicated that the strain would make organisms vulnerable in the event they were exposed to it John Naish, The Armageddon virus: Why experts fear that leaps from animals to humans could devastate mankind in the next five years. October 2012 Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217774/The-Armageddon-virus-Why-experts-fear-disease-leaps-animals-humans-devastate-mankind-years.html The article contains views from the University of London virologist, Professor John Oxford that the new super pathogen may originate from far flung areas such as Asia or Africa and may bring catastrophic results if it is allowed to mutate and propagate. Oklahoma Nurse, The Flu and You: what you need to know about seasonal flu, pandemic flu and avian flu. May 2007. The article describes the three most devastating pandemic flu that have cost millions their lives. It describes the 1918 Spanish flu that caused estimated 100,000-deaths. The article then closely follows the Asian flu and the Hong Kong flu though they were not as deadly as the Spanish flu. The pandemics were closely followed by the avian flu. The avian flu prompted the use of antiviral therapy for prophylaxis. The study of the pandemic has resulted in the development of a more deadly strain. It is challenging to come to the conclusion if it wise to develop a super virus to suppress a strain is debatable. Scientist argues that it may be the best way to counter resistance strain but opponents argue that it may result to even bigger strain as evidenced in the H1N1, if it is acquired by terrorist it puts the world at a potential of a biological attack. The negative effects outweigh the gains; it is prudent that the due diligence be conducted to ensure the proper framework so as not lose the gains that come with it too. Toulmin Argument on whether it is wise to have a super virus Opponents of the super virus claim that the assumption may have been miscalculated; an individual may suffer more harm from the strain rather than naturally occurring pathogen. Just like the H1N1 the propagation for a super virus may result in it mutating thus hard to control incase of an outbreak. There is a high risk that introducing a super virus to suppress a natural pathogen may result in the distortions of the lifecycle resulting to harm to an individual’s body. It is crucial to note that scientific research and endeavors under manageable rates such that there remains a possibility of reversal (Taubenberger, 2012). Super virus is meant to act as a vaccine or preventive measure to other pathogens. However, the possibility of developing a strain remains high endangering organisms, this is because the original virus may get used to the vaccine (super virus); as a result, adapting to it due to its superior nature thus resulting to a strain that may span out of control and resistant to treatment (Zhang, 2014). Creating a higher virus and implanting it in a human being is dangerous to ones existence. Yoshiro Kawaoka creating a strain for H1N1 caused an out roar since the strain had the capability of bypassing the immune system of human beings. It is not wise to have a super virus; all it takes is a biological mishap to convert a microscopic virus into a ranging pandemic like the 1918 Spanish flu the swine flu. Researchers argue that the strains evolve and eventually become resistant to treatment (Nilller, 2013). The assertation is of that it is unwise to have the super virus without the proper framework especially if it finds its way out the lab and instigate a biological attack (Zimmer, 2011) Works Cited Carl Zimmer, Strain Game: Could information about a lab-made virus help evildoers create a biological weapon. December, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2011/12/h5n1_the_lab_made_viru s_the_u_s_fears_could_be_made_into_a_biological_weapon_.html Eric Niller, How far are we from a super-pandemic? September, 2013. Retrieved from: http://news.discovery.com/human/health/virual-super-pandemic-how-far-130918.htm Farberov, S., “Is this wise? Controversial scientist recreates pandemic flu virus that killed 500,000 people… except its WORSE.” July 2014. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2677359/Controversial-scientist-recreates- H1N1-flu-virus-killed-500-000-people-version-RESISTANT-vaccine.html Klippel-Cooper, Victoria Virus. 2013. Booktango John Naish, The Armageddon virus: Why experts fear that leaps from animals to humans could devastate mankind in the next five years. October 2012 Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2217774/The-Armageddon-virus-Why- experts-fear-disease-leaps-animals-humans-devastate-mankind-years.html Maggie Fox, Scientist Makes Mutant, Infectious Flu Virus in Lab. June 2014 Retrieved from: http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/scientist-makes-mutant-infectious-flu- virus-lab-n128936 Oklahoma Nurse, The Flu and You: what you need to know about seasonal flu, pandemic flu and avian flu. May 2007. Taubenberger, J., 1918 Influenza: The Mother of all Pandemics. July 2014 CDC. Retrieved from: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/05-0979 Zhang, S., The Dangers (And Benefits) of Designing Mutant Super Viruses. Gizmodo. July, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/07/the- dangers-and-benefits-of-designing-mutant-super-viruses/ Read More