Psychology Essays

One of the major concepts being developed during primary schooling is the development of quantitative understanding within a child; these grasp the roots and found only in the early times, and based on these grassroots levels, a child develops himself into the world that has a number of the quantitative methods based subjects today.

My niece is a prime example of an active learner. At age 6 months, she began to crawl. Now, at age two and a half, she is curious to know what is in cabinets. Pulling herself up, she opens the drawers in the bathroom. Her mother’s lipstick rolls around, curious, she grabs at the lipstick and trying to find out what it is.

The author states that although there were measurable differences between male and female participants, the bar graphs show a similar pattern of performance.  All results of the study were very close in nature. The study concluded that males and females performance on the Stroop test was similar with small variations.

Operant conditioning was initially termed ‘instrumental conditioning’ by the American psychologist Thorndike in 1913 and later renamed by its most famous theorist, Skinner. The latter demonstrated that in a piece of apparatus called a Skinner box, a rat or pigeon would learn to press a lever or peck at a light in order to get a food reward.

The witness of a crime event is not able to recall the incident, as there is nothing like a photograph in the human mind. A cooperative witness also finds it difficult since there are limitations of memory and perception. These problems are aggravated when information is not sought in the proper way (Taylor 161).

As a preliminary matter, there are certain individual rights which deserve protection in all cases at all. A woman, for instance, has right not to be raped. She is the owner of her body, this is the most intimate item that any person can own, and to suffer sexual assaults or violations is reprehensible.

Health is the complete soundness of body and mind. It is freedom from disease and disability. Alas, people don’t generally consider health as an important blessing of God, rather they waste their health in pursuance of materialistic gains. Life is perceived as a constant struggle for stability in monetary terms.

Prejudice and stereotyping are the mind's unrealistic pre-judging of a person based on a physical characteristic. The mind attempts to simplify the world by placing things in categories. It leads us to believe that everyone in a category thinks and acts similarly. This mistaken belief causes our behavior to become irrational.

Training programs are the best that a transformed organization can offer to contribute to an employee’s education. It opens new ways inside and outside the organization and gives a substantial amount of satisfaction. It is high time for organizations to do more and take necessary actions to seal the possible job satisfaction gaps.

In order to be able to understand the issue of the emotionally abused population, there are several different matters which are going to need to be thoroughly addressed and discussed, and this includes the actual description of the emotionally abused population, the significance of the problem and related health and social problems, the evaluation of any and all current strategies in regards to the breaking of the cycle of vulnerability including ethical implications of current strategies, as well as specific proposed community and public health nursing interventions in the different roles.

As stated by Rowan John in 2004, the communication gap is the reason why men and women constantly fight. Hence, they find it difficult to come up with an amicable solution. A communication gap is defined as a lack of proper communication, thus leading to a misunderstanding and responding negatively. My personal experience proves the above point.

The ‘I’ is referred to as in response to the outside world and ‘me’ reflects more of the social life. People do lie in between the two assumptions and that people are aware that they will have self-control problems, but the fact is that they cannot rely upon their judgments as they feel themselves to be more prone to faulty predictions.

Autism affects the crucial areas of development of a child including verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, and creative play. Autism is one of the disease conditions in children, which causes problems in interacting with society, and the children develop certain repetitive behaviors. There are normal milestones of the development of a child.

A recent experiment examined the relationship between recollecting studied items and incorrectly remembered items. (Geraci and McCabe, 2006) Adding visually similar words to a new test that includes facets of Geraci’s experiment would continue to gather data on the role visually similar words play inaccurate short-term memory recall.

The author argued that self-actualization is an intrinsic desire of human beings. This desire is a natural response to the challenges of the external environment. Every human being seeks to modify the environment according to his or her whims and desires. There is an innate urge to acquire satisfaction.

The author states that in forming this alliance, the client is better able to learn of themselves and to share with the therapist their innermost thoughts and feelings. Freud, one of the primary users of the therapeutic alliance at its inception, encouraged the use as a way to bridge the gap between client and therapist.

From a historical perspective as part of background understanding to the current cognitive-behavioral therapy model, Woolfe and Dryden cite Epictetus’ observations that people are disturbed by the view that they take of events rather than the actual occurrence of these events as the theoretical origins of contemporary cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

This research will begin with the statement that the lack of self-esteem and poor physical self-image are the main reasons why many romantic relationships go sour. According to the 2002 Marriage Project at Rutgers University, 40-50% of today’s marriages (contracted romantic relationships) are projected to end in divorce. 

The author states that he was involved in a car mishap on the Italian highway. They had decided early in the year to go on a road trip to Geneva. Their plan was to drive from Monaco to Geneva. The first half of the trip from went without incident but things got dangerous as it started to get dark outside and they were just 2 hours from Geneva.

Existential psychology is a sum of many basic principles, but the most important include the understanding of an individual as a summation of the whole instead of as individual patterns. The concept of being is important in understanding a patient and is the basis of Rollo May’s theory. The principle of anxiety is described as equally important.

The empty chair technique will explore Michelle’s relationships with herself, including her personality, concepts, ideas and feelings. It is a form of role-playing used by therapists to help them self-adjust. Experimental freedom will support Michelle’s direct experience of new ideas instead of just talking about ideas.

According to the report school bullying is a pervasive problem found in primary, middle and high schools across the United Kingdom and around the world. As an international phenomenon, school bullying occurs at similar rates in disparate cultures, countries, and educational settings. The result has been an increase in public awareness.

Studies have proved that the most important factor involved in the separation of parents is for them to prepare the children for the change that is due. CAFCASS has recognized that long court proceedings do more damage than good to the children involved and determined that what is needed of them is earlier therapeutic work with the parents

Studies have been done that showed the percentage of understanding that is gained from the spoken word. It is considerably less than the meaning that people gain from listening to a person's tone of voice and looking at their non-verbal communication: 7% Spoken words, 38% Tone of voice, and 55% Non Verbal (Communication in the Workplace).

Death is one of the most agonizing experiences that a person encounters in a lifetime. The pain of loss is overwhelming to bereaved individuals or families. This is because it is something irreversible. The reality of the parting which entails complete and eternal cessation of interaction with a loved one makes the situation ultimately unbearable and heartrending.

It is apparent from the literature survey that more focused studies to investigate the psychological functioning of siblings of children with a chronic illness are needed. Studies have concluded that suitable intervention programs for the siblings of children with a chronic illness need further attention and development.

With de-institutionalization, improved healthcare, and community participation, individuals with disabilities enjoy extended life in South Africa opportunities in a range of independent settings. These lives in South Africa opportunities present individuals with a much more challenging life in South Africa events than were experienced by those of previous decades.

Actions of this type include actions that are a means to an end, like going to college in order to get a good job, working to get a paycheck, etc., and actions that are motivated as a result of a duty or obligation like keeping a promise, staying in good health, etc. (James Rachels cited by Lander University, no date).  

There are many limitations to this study and the results cannot be considered conclusive. Sample size error could be a significant contributing factor in the current experiment since only 15 subjects were observed with the Frustration tasks. Perhaps it would be helpful to construct different sets of Frustration tasks in future experiments or even change the criteria for scoring subjects.

Communism has been accused of high death rates and refugee movements. As the Soviet Union was busy concentrating on arms and space competition, the people were dying of hunger and freedom of expression. This made a lot of people from the Soviet Union countries flee from their countries to seek better economic and peaceful entities.

In this article, Treisman clearly illustrates that in the process of visualization the aspects of the environment are recorded first and then the objects. These objects are only seen once when attention is focused on them. According to the research divisible dimensions would rejoin together to form a perfect visual scene.

Rationality is a powerful mode of thought and code of conduct in the modern world. Its emergence in the early twentieth century offered a clear vision of social order as a panacea for inefficiency and chaos, replacing former ideologies such as Social Darwinism, welfare capitalism, and religious discourses of labor. Common wisdom - in academic and popular circles alike asserts that managerial rationality represents the American industrial way.

It is a commonly seen occurrence for infants to cling to their mothers in instances when he encounters strangers. It is as if the baby finds comfort in his mother’s presence in a situation which is new and will otherwise be extremely uncomfortable for him. People often find infants and toddlers crying when they are separated from their parents.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder popularly abbreviated as ADHD is a behavioral disorder that has been found to affect almost 8% to 10% of school going children throughout the world (Donald, 2008). Research shows that boys are three times more susceptible to this disorder than their female counterparts in any given environment.

However while the effects may be temporary in the mother or not even serious enough to cause significant alarm, in the unborn child, poor diet and drug use by the mother may have serious, and sometimes, fatal consequences. Among the common harmful substances, include hard drugs such as crack cocaine, heroin and marijuana and alcohol.

With a hope that s/he is not the only person in the world suffering throughout the years with depression, s/he started uniting the memories of that incident that appeared as a state of transition in his/her life and stated that his family and him, that includes his parents and his brother, were having dinner. He remembers it was a Saturday night.

Love is a noun, an adjective, and a verb. Love can be an abstract concept that demonstrates our deep and emotional attachment to one another, or can be a cold and quantified feeling, measured in a scientific laboratory using modern medical instruments. No other word has as many meanings, applications, aspects, or sides as love does.

Critical thinking is an intellectuality disciplined process of skillfully and actively applying, analyzing, synthesizing or evaluating information gathered from or generated by observation, reasoning, explanation, reflection or communication as a guide to belief an action. It is in being responsive to various subject matters, purposes and issues.

This is a very informative and analytical study done by Pianta and Lothman, which examines the symptoms, effects, and management of Epilepsy in children. This study examines the relative role of the parent-child relationship, family stress, and disease factors in predicting behavior problems in children with epilepsy.

In Britain 1.4 million people devote more than 20 hours a week to caring for older people, a role adopted as a result of family and kinship (Taylor and Field 1993). The issues which arise for families should be addressed by nurses privileged to work with older people. There is a pertinent need to combine a sound theory base and practical education.

It also blunts with social awareness, age, and cognitive development. Individual and personality research of stereotypes have detected many aspects of prejudices including the automatic and controlled aspects, social and developmental aspects. Prejudice of prejudiced is almost opposite to the prejudice from the victims’ perspective.

With regard to design and format, BDI comes in a form of a questionnaire with a 21 item describing depressive signs and symptoms with each item being rated on a 4-point Likert-type scale from 0-3 and the total possible score being 84. Total scores of above 10 points are considered an indication of depression.

This observation was made on a 3-year-old child in a private nursery. The child tended to discover virtually everything that she could come across during play. The senses of touch, taste, smell, hearing and seeing were mainly applied by the child in trying to explore the nature of the object of play, for example touching and looking all over the object, tasting, listening to sounds and rejecting the objects that had an awful smell.

Hence Conformity can be characteristically defined to every individual depending on how much they get influenced personally by these external factors. As said above, there are several factors that determine the impact of this process. A brief explanation of how some of these factors affect the psychology of a person is provided with apt examples.

They both envision children passing through clearly defined stages of intellectual and cognitive growth. The contrast between them is that Piaget postulates an essentially internal process that the child will pass through almost regardless of outside influences, whereas Vygotsky suggests that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition.

The author states that psychoanalysis is considered as the most comprehensive of all the personality theories, yet, it is also the most controversial. It has generated a great number of positive and even negative criticisms. Sigmund Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis, has stirred the greatest amount of critical interest indeed.

The author states that the mother is adamant to equip him in a manner that he is capable of leading a normal life. For this her actions, which she take in order to take care of him and finally “throwing a crystal ball towards him” so that he catches and gains confidence are beautifully defined.

Education is described as the key to success in an individual’s life. In this world, if one has to prosper one must attain the best possible level of education that is available to him. However, in achieving this level an individual must understand and use his skills perfectly. But nowadays individuals are having problems while trying to achieve education.

There is hardly a place where we don t see this behavior. But while it is present everywhere classification is a more elusive problem. The age old question inevitably arises: Is aggression acquired through social acculturation or is it something inherent, that is to say is simply an inborn trait.

It is an unalterable desire to be praised and flattered and the belief that the individual is capable of greater deeds, which leads to our believing the general and vague prophecies of even the manipulating source. Feror called this souse as Subjective validation that has a certain unlimited power over the psyche of even strangers, mainly due to guesswork and clever maneuvering.