HIV and Homelessness - Term Paper Example

? HIV/AIDS and Homelessness - A Qualitative Assessment HIV/AIDS and Homelessness - A Qualitative Assessment Opening ment Out of 600,000 individuals who are estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS in United States of America, approximately one-third of them are either homeless or are at imminent risk of becoming homeless. In addition, recent studies have indicated that, the number of people who are infected with HIV/AIDS is increasing with time in different social settings. Among those infected with HIV, the number of homeless people is increasing at rate of 1% every year. The number of HIV/AIDS victims who are homeless is higher in less developed and developing countries. For instance, in African countries, the number of HIV/AIDS victims who are homeless is currently at 8.5 % of the total population. In addition, compared to rural areas, the number of homeless HIV/AIDS is also incredibly high in urban areas. In almost all countries in the world, both HIV/AIDS infections as well as homelessness in rural and urban areas are widespread and interrelated (Beijer and Andreasson, 2009). Although statistics have indicated that, the number of HIV/AIDS infections and homelessness is high in urban, there all also clear indication that confirms that, rural areas are as well likely to be affected by increased cases of HIV/AIDS infection and homelessness. The subsequent essay will as a result explore the relationship between HIV/AIDS infection and homelessness in modern society rural and urban societies. Based on the available numerical figure, it is clear that, HIV/AIDS infection is a common social phenomenon that requires systemic research and understanding. The study on the relationship between homelessness is therefore a research that is worthy study in the 21st century. Background of the study Between 1999 and 2009, United States of America public health services reported over 688, 200 cases of HIV/AIDS new infections. At present, medical reports indicates that, between 400, 000 to 600, 000 United States of America residents, one third of them are estimated to be living with HIV that results to AIDS infections. In addition, over 40, 000 new cases are reported every year in American public health service. Recent studies have as well indicated that, approximately one-third to half of persons living with AIDS in America are either homelessness or are at high risk of being homelessness (Berry, McKinney, and McClain, 2007). In the researches that were conducted among HIV/AIDS victims, 41% of the respondents have been homelessness sometimes in their lifetime. The number of HIV victims in homeless population is three times higher than the number of HIV/AIDS people who lives in stable residential areas. So far, researches have confirmed that, the America population that is living in unstable home are more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS compared to population that have stable homes (Campbell and Cornish, 2010). This is due to the fact that, homeless people have high possibilities of engaging in unprotected sex with numerous partners, exchange of sex with resources and drugs as well as engaging in unprotected sex with injection drug use partners. In addition, homeless people who have severe mental illness and other health complications are vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infections due to their impaired capability to practice and learn risk reduction behaviours. Homeless people have a high infection rate due to lack of the required resources to protect HIV/AIDS infections as well as due to engagement in high-risk activities and behaviours (Breakey and Fischer, 2009). For homeless HIV/AIDS victims, possibilities of accessing and using antiretroviral therapy are as well very limited. Other factors such as transportation challenges, lack of insurance schemes, limited housing facilities as well as lack of other essential health needs in developing and less developed countries have also increased the HIV prevalence rate among homeless people in the society. Infrastructural and economic challenges have as well diminished possibilities of resolving HIV infections among homeless section of the population in contemporary society. Accessible studies and research findings lack adequate information that links homelessness and HIV/AIDS infections (Aidala, Cross, Stall, Harre and Sumartojo, 2005). Despite providing inadequate information on how homelessness increases HIV infection, the accessible information lacks appropriate information to demonstrate the manner in which HIV/AIDS infections results to homelessness. In the real situation, some vices that are linked to HIV play an exceptionally essential role in increasing homelessness among HIV/AIDS victims. Prejudices, discrimination, and victimisation among HIV/AIDS victims are some of the key facets that increase the level of homelessness among HIV victims. Therefore, based on the accessible information regarding the interrelationship between homeless and HIV/AIDS infections, it is clear that, adequate knowledge on the factors that inter-links homelessness and HIV/AIDS infections is timely and imperative. The understanding of the relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS infections will not only help in supporting the affected victims, but will as well reduce cases of HIV infections among homelessness segment of the population. The study will as well be very helpful among policy makers and implementers in instituting effective policy that will holistically address homelessness challenges among HIV/AIDS infected population. The study will as well help in unearthing some of the main factors that results to increased HIV infections among homeless population. Despite helping in the formulation of effective and collective policies to helping homeless HIV victims, the study will as well be essential in giving victims an opportunity to air their views and grievances regarding their current situation and challenges. The study will be extremely significant to the improvement of activities and operations of various groups in the society. For starter, despite playing and essential role in improving the life of homeless HIV/AIDS victims, the study will give the identified victims opportunities of airing and presenting their concerns and interest. Secondly, the study will help policy formulators in instituting effective and systematic policies and plans that will assist the affected victims. Thirdly, the study will help practitioners to identify some of the most critical challenges that affected homeless HIV/AIDS victims as well as the most effective means of solving the identified problems. The study will as well offer an opportunity for society members to understand some of the challenges that affected homeless individuals thus reducing prejudice and discrimination among the HIV/AIDS victim. The study will also play a very essential role in educating social science students on the most effective intervention measures of addressing challenges that affects the health of homeless HIV/AIDS victims. In general, the qualitative study on HIV/AIDS and Homelessness will be incredibly helpful among various social scholars and professionals groups in the contemporary society (DeVerteuil, 2005). Problem Statement Despite resulting to serious and chronic health complications and challenges among homeless section of the society, HIV/AIDS infections create a very severe public health burden in contemporary society. Notwithstanding its specific symptoms, HIV infection among homeless section of the population results to other social issues and challenges such as negative outcomes to the affected and infected victims, increased stigma, economic effects especially among marginalised section of the population as well as increases in other risk behaviours that leads to other health challenges. The knowledge on supportive needs and housing facilities among HIV victims will as well be very essential in dealing with HIV/ AIDS predicament in contemporary society. The study will therefore offers comprehensive information that will help in the identification of efficient and collective means of addressing challenges that face homeless HIV/AIDS victims. Recent studies have as well asserted that, HIV/AIDS infection among homeless population and especially women and children is at an alarming rate. There is therefore need for the adoption of effective means of dealing with the identified challenges of HIV/AIDS infection among homeless and other vulnerable groups in the society. Despite solving health and economic challenges among infected homeless people, knowledge on HIV/AIDS and homelessness will as well address social issues such as victimisation, stigmatisation as well unnecessary discrimination and prejudice. Purpose of the Study The study intend at identifying the existing interrelationship between HIV/AIDS and homeless. In the study, the researcher will seek to identify specific factors that result in to increased prevalence rate among homeless people in the society. On the other hand, the study will as well attempt to identify some of the factors that results to homelessness among HIV/AIDS victims. In the study, the researcher will use ethnography qualitative research design in order to examine and explore the cultural issues that results to increased possibilities of HIV infections among homeless people. The study therefore aims at discovering the manner in which community members relate homeless with HIV/AIDS infections. Despite understanding the cultural explanation of HIV/AIDS and homeless in modern society, the study will as well identify the social explanation and meaning of HIV/AIDS and homeless. A part from understanding the relationship between HIV/AIDS and homeless, the study will as well explore some of the effective means of dealing with side effects that are associated with HIV/AIDS and homeless. The identification of effective intervention measures will therefore help in the development of systematic and realistic intervention measure that will address the identified social, economic, and cultural challenges. Over years, the issue of the relationship between HIV/AIDS and homeless have raised endless debates among social scholars and clinical thinkers. The available studies have however provided scanty information regarding the relationship between HIV/AIDS and homeless. The study will therefore present comprehensive and detailed information on the existing relationship between HIV/AIDS and homeless. As defined, HIV/AIDS is a chronic health complication that results from engaged on various activities such as engaging in unprotected sex, blood transfusion as well as in child delivery process. On the other homelessness can be described as act of lacking a permanent and reliable residential area Research Question Central question What is the relationship between HIV/AIDS and Homeless? Sub questions Does HIV/AIDS infections and side effects results to homeless in contemporary society (if so how) Does homelessness increases HIV/AIDS infections behavioural risks (if so, how) Does homelessness hinder intervention measures that are intended at dealing with health and social complication among HIV/AIDS victims? What are the most effective intervention measures that can be used to address the ever-increasing cases of HIV/AIDS cases among homeless victims Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Researchers and scholars have over years used various theoretical frameworks to describe and analyse the relationship between HIV/AIDS and homeless. However, based on the current nature and impact of HIV/AIDS infections among homeless members of the society as well as the need for collaborative effort to deal with the crisis, the most effective theories to describe the interaction between HIV and homelessness is structuration theory. Anthony Giddens coined structuration theory. In his theory, Giddens tried to intergrate between structures and agencies. As described by Giddens, social structures and human agencies are two separate constructs and concepts that define social action (Giddens, 1984). The theory systematically compares, analysis, and describes social structures and agencies. As described by Giddens, social structure can be described as resources and rules in any social system. The existing resources in the society enable social practices to take place over a specific period. Individuals, agencies, and groups use the existing social structures to undertake their activities and actions. Therefore, as described by Giddens, memory traces serves as vehicles in which social actions in the society are carried out. Giddens uses the duality of structure to describe the nature of social structures as both outcome and medium of social action in any society. Structures in the society exists both externally and internally. Social structures can be described as pattern of social interaction in a society. In most instances, social changes as well as changing natures of time and space affects interaction in a society. As described by Giddens, in order to realise social and economic development in a society, there should be consistent interaction between agencies that are within the society and social structures. As stated by Giddens in his theory, duality of a society is the feedback-feedforward procedure in which structures and agencies mutually enhance social systems. Therefore, in any society, there is social cycle that revolves around social agencies and social structures. In his theory, Giddens explores interaction, modality, and structures that mutually inter-link in the society (Ingersoll, 2010). Researchers have used structuration theory to describe various happenings and interaction in different social setting. The theory has been used to explore the manner in which various institutions and entities in the society inter-link to attain a specified objective. Scholars and professionals from various backgrounds have been systematic in emphasising on the importance of teamwork between various institutions in the society. For instance, in United States of America, the countries used various agencies, structures, organisations, and professionals in dealing with HIV/AIDS predicaments in the late 1990’s. This initiative did not only reduce new cases of HIV infections, but significantly reduced HIV/AIDS management and operation costs. By referring to America case, scholars have confirmed that, structuration theory is very effective in describing interaction between various activities and institutions in the society. A part from being success in identifying the existing relations between two aspects, structuration theory has as well been effective in explaining the cause and effects of various operations and activities in the society. In the United States of American, the theory was used to confirm the hypothesis that lack of adequate knowledge and ignorance are the some of the main causes of increased cases of HIV/AIDS infections. After systematic and comprehensive campaigns, American population understood the significant of taking appropriate measures in preventing HIV/AIDS cases. It is also through effective utilisation of this theory that the American population understood some of the main causes of HIV/AIDS. The structuration theory was as well used to formulate, structure, and implement efficient strategies to reduce HIV infections in United States of America. Therefore, based on the previous success of structuration theory, this theory can as well be effective in indentifying the relationship between HIV/AIDS and homelessness. In the case under study, structuration theory can be incredibly appropriate in understanding the relationship between poverty and increased cases of HIV/ AIDS infections. As explained in the theory, there are very close relationship between the existing social institutions and various agencies. Based on the accessible information, it is clear that, there is very close relationship between increasing cases of homelessness and HIV/AIDS infections in modern societies (Kelly, 1999). Homeless segment of the population are vulnerable to engaging in risks behaviour such as unprotected sex, excessive consumption of alcohol, commercial sex work, and in extreme cases, homeless women are vulnerable to consistent rape. HIV/AIDS victims are mostly eliminated from residential areas due to their health conditions. The existing stigmatisations, discrimination as well unnecessary prejudice can force some HIV/AIDS victims to be segregated by their family members. By referring to structuration theory, HIV/AIDS has resulted to the formation of a new group in society that is homeless HIV/AIDS group. Subsequently, it is factual to state that; social agency has led to the formation of a new social structure. To holistically deal with HIV/AIDS menace among homeless population, the entire society’s agencies have a role of collectively instituting effective policy of dealing with the identified social problem. Based on the available literature, poor health condition and economic inabilities of HIV victims has as well resulted to the formation of homeless people in the society. In most cases, HIV victims lack physical strength to enables them acquire their basic needs including shelter, food, and clothing. Moreover, due to increased discrimination in the society, a good number of modern entities have denied HIV victims employment opportunities. This has therefore increased poverty level among HIV victims. The rationale for the selection of this theory is based on the perception and assumption that, the theory holistically address all issues that affects HIV victims in the society. The theory will therefore be essential in aiding in the identification of the existing relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS infections. The theory will as well play a very essential in the identification of the causes of the increased cases of HIV/AIDS infections among homeless segment of the population (Beardsley, Clatts, et al. 1999). Nature of the study Design In the study, the researcher will use qualitative research design method in collection and in the analysis of the collected research data. The qualitative research is popularly known for effectively collecting culturally specific data that helps in effective analysis and evaluation of the problem under study. The qualitative research method will as well be extremely effective in seeking effective and specific answers to the research question. On the other hand, qualitative research method will rely on predefined set of process and procedure in answering research question (Marshall, 2009). Despite providing data that are not predetermined, qualitative research method as well collects evidence that supports or disputes the existing literatures, theories, assumptions, and presumptions. Therefore, in the study on HIV/AIDS and homelessness, qualitative research method will be extremely effective in unearthing the relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS infection in a specified social setting. In addition, qualitative research method will significantly help in searching for information that has cultural information on the society’s social context, value, opinions, and behaviours. In addition, to holistically collect the most appropriate cultural information on homelessness and HIV/AIDS infection, the researcher will as well use ethnography research design in order to examine and explore the cultural issues that results to increased possibilities of HIV infections among homeless people. The study therefore aims of discovering how community members relate homeless and HIV/AIDS infections. To collect adequate information on the cultural and social beliefs among homeless HIV/AIDS victims, the researcher will as well use ethnology research design. Ethnography research design will therefore offer descriptive analysis on all cultural issues that are associated with HIV/AIDS. Researchers have asserted that, ethnology helps in examining the relationship between the cultural and geographical environment and the emerging social and economic challenges. In this study, the researcher will use filed note to compile the research findings. In addition, video and audio tapes will as well be extremely critical in the analysis of evaluation of the research findings. The listing of various research behaviours will also be critical in understanding the relationship between HIV/AIDS infection and homelessness. Field note will include specific information including place of observation, date, time, summary of the conversation, specific word used, insider language, specific practices and behaviours. Despite having various challenges ethnology research method have proved to have various advantages that fits in the subject under study. For a starter, ethnography research method can account for the intricacy of social behaviours in modern society as well as the interrelationship among various dimension of social interaction. Secondly, contrary to other research methods, ethnography reveals the quality and actual traits of group behaviours in a more clear and realistic manner. Thirdly ethnography determines future researches, research questions and the type of follow-up researches. Moreover, in the research on the relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS, ethnography research design will also provide adequate information that will help in the understanding of the manner in which behaviours in a society changes over a specific period of time. Therefore, by considering its advantages, ethnography is a very essential method in the study on the relationship between HIV/AIDS infections and homelessness in contemporary society. The rationale behind the selection of qualitative research design method as well as ethnography research design is to facilitate intensive understanding of the existing social, economic, and cultural relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS infections. On the other hand, qualitative research design will as well help in offering exhaustive information regarding the topic under study. Other research designs will be ineffective, as they will not offer comprehensive cultural information regarding the topic under study. Moreover, other studies will not offer comprehensive evidence to support the answers for the research question. Despite offering varying answers to the research question, qualitative research design will as well provide reliable information on the cause and effects of the problem under study. Methodology The researcher intends to undertake a comprehensive research in six states in South America. The study intends to involve Hispanic and African American who reside in southern American states. A part from relying on the information from marginalised section of the American population, the study will as well collect information from Native American who resides in Southern American states. The rationale behind the selection of Hispanic population as well as African America population is based on the fact that, HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is high among Hispanic and Africa America as opposed to other population that reside in American states. Based on the available information, it is that, the number of homeless HIV/AIDS victims is especially high among Hispanic and African America populations as compared to Native Americans. In the collection and analysis of data, the researcher will have the responsibility of informing the participants on the goals, intension, and objective of the research. In addition, the researcher will have the role of ensuring that all participants have signed the consent form. It is as well the responsibility of the researcher to ensure that, the privacy of all participants and respondents is upheld. The researchers will be mandated with the responsibility of ensuring that the collected data are accurate and relevant to the study’s goals and objectives. It is also the responsibility of the researcher to oversee and evaluate the entire research process. At the end of the research, the researcher is expected to undertake comprehensive ion the collected data and compile a comprehensive report regarding the research findings. To collect appropriate and collective information, the researcher will undertake a random sampling from the targeted population. In the study, the researcher is supposed to use 2500 respondent that will be equally distributed among the six states. The identified sample will only involve those participants who are willing to participate in the study. The collected sample will holistically represent the population under study. In collecting the required data, the researcher is expected to identify and inform the sample respondent on the goals and objectives of the study. After informing the possible respondent on the goals and objectives of the study, all participants are expected to sign the consent form before participating in the study. Research assistant are thereafter expected to undertake comprehensive interview on the identified respondents. The interview questions will be aimed at answering the research questions. During the interviewing process, the researcher will write small notes in regards to respondents’ answers. With the consent of the respondent, the researcher will also take video records. Despite undertaking an interview on the respondent, the researcher is as well expected to use open-ended questionnaires. The structured questionnaires will incorporate appropriate questions that will answer the research question. Observation will as well be very essential in collecting the research information. Observation will help the researcher to understand the cultural challenges that results to homelessness among of HIV/AIDS victims in the America society. In addition, observation will be critical in understanding the relationship between HIV/AIDS victims in the society and the general members of the public. The physical health of HIV/AIDS victims will also be identified through critical observation of the respondent physical health and behaviours Data Analysis and Interpretation Plan The aim of undertaking data analysis and interpretation will be to identify the relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS. In the analysis, the researcher intends to use both SPSSS software and Nvivo data coding tool. The research date will be collected and stored in numerical form. The data will further be decoded into understandable information through Nvivo data coding tool. Graphs, diagrams, and tables will also be very essential in interpreting and representing the collected data. To understand the meaning of the collected data, the researcher will use SPSS software. The SPSS software will as well be helpful in linking the current situation with the existing cultural and social factors (Kvale, 1996). Limitations Potential Design and/or Methodological Weaknesses of The Study Despite being expected to registers a sustainable level of accuracy, the study is expected to experience some weaknesses and challenges. For a starter, the qualitative research method might fail to provide the required numerical information that is required in the research. The most appropriate research design method in presenting numerical information is quantitative research method. Secondly, the respondent might provide inaccurate information. Some respondents will also be unwilling to participate in the study. The unwillingness to take part in the study might significantly interfere with the quality of the research. The research tools may also be inadequate thus failing to satisfy the research goals and objectives. Some essential research tool including questionnaires may be inadequate thus interfering with the research plans and expectations. The time set aside for every participant may also be inadequate. How the Weaknesses Will Be Addressed In order to address some of the challenges that are associated with qualitative research method, the researcher ought to come with various research design methodology. The inclusion of mixed research design will therefore be appropriate and relevant in dealing with qualitative research weaknesses. In addition, undertaking pilot research before the actual research will be critical in addressing design and methodological challenges in the study. Consistent consultation with professionals and researchers who have undertaken such kind of researches will also be essential in ensuring the accuracy of the research tools. Setting adequate resources and tools will not only address tools challenges but will help in the elimination of wastages of time and resources. Literature review with an aim of identifying some of the main challenges that affects this kind of researches can as well be effective in addressing the identified challenges and qualitative research complications Threats to quality and how they will be potentially addressed in the study For a starter, the respondents may give incorrect information. Inaccurate information may significantly interfere with the quality of the study. To address the challenge, it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure that, respondents understand the relevance of the study as well as aim of the research. Secondly, failure of the research materials and tools may as well interfere with the quality of the research. In order to deal with this challenge, the researcher ought to identify the most appropriate research tools to answer the research question. Comprehensive testing of the research tools before using them is also essential in ensuring quality study. Thirdly, inadequate resources can as well have a severe impact on the quality of the study. To ensure quality study, there should be adequate resources and time. Intensive consultation is therefore essential in enhancing quality research. In addition, poor communication between researchers and respondents can as well undermine the quality of the research. The identification of effective communication channels is therefore very essential in ensuring quality research Ethical Concerns In the study, the researcher expected to uphold the presented qualitative research ethic principles. Total compliance with the existing ethical principles ensures that, the participants are not exploited simply to achieve the research goals and objective. The researcher aims at protecting participants from unnecessary exploitation as well as effective maintenance of autonomy. On the other hand, researcher ought to demonstrate high level of commitment in their activities in order to present substantiated findings and analysis. Researcher should as well demonstrate a certain level of justice to participants. Every participant should be willing and committed towards ensuring that, the research attains its intended goal and objective. Therefore, in an effort to deal with possible ethical issues, the researcher intends to provide consent forms to all respondents. As defined, consent form is a tool that is aimed at ensuring that every participant understands the purpose of the research as well as his or her role in enhancing the success of the research. To confirm the significant of the consent form in the study, the identified consent form will follow a specific procedure before being approved for the study. The consent form sample will have to be approved by ethic committee. The role of the ethic committee will be to examine the language that is used in the form as well as the forms content. After the consent form is ratified by all involved stakeholders and legal committee, the researcher is expected to print adequate copies that will be adequate for the entire research process. Before participating in the research, every respondent is expected to sign the consent form in order to confirm his or her understanding on the role and purpose of the research. The main role of the consent form in this study will be to ensure that there is no ethical issues that will arise as a result of the study. In addition, the form will help in ensuring the maintenance of the quality of the research. Due to the prevailing perception and intensive discrimination and prejudice against HIV/AIDS victims, the researcher is expected to maintain high privacy and confidentiality on the collected information by ensuring that every respondent is anonymous. Significance of the study The study will be very essential in unearthing and defining the relationship between homelessness and HIV/AIDS in contemporary society. The understanding of the relationship and factors that result to homelessness and HIV/AIDS in the society will therefore help in the identification of the most appropriate means of dealing with the identified social problems. The research findings will as well help in the introduction and implementation of appropriate measures of dealing with homelessness among HIV/AIDS victims. The study will also be of significant important to HIV/AIDS victims who are homeless in modern society. Despite being of essential important to the affected families, the research will also be of considerable significance to policy formulators and implementers. The information that will be collected in the study will help in the formulation and implementation of the most appropriate policies of dealing with the identified social problem. The research is also expected to significantly change behaviours in the society. Effective implementation of the research recommendation will significantly reduce the existing discrimination and prejudice among HIV/AIDS victims. Moreover, the research will as well ensure that community members offer the required support to the affected families. References Aidala, A., Cross, J., Stall, R., Harre, D., & Sumartojo, E. (2005). Housing status and HIV risk behaviours: Implications for prevention and policy. AIDS and Behaviour, 9(3), 251- 265 Beardsley M, Clatts MC, et al. (1999) Homelessness and HIV-risk behaviours in a sample of New York City drug injectors. AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 2, (7): 162-171. Beijer, U. & Andreasson, S. (2009). Physical diseases among homeless people: Gender differences and comparisons with the general population. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 3, (7), 93-100. Berry DE, McKinney MM, and McClain M.(2007). Rural HIV service networks: patterns of care and policy issues. AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 1, (11): 36-46. Breakey WR, and Fischer PJ., (2009). Homelessness: The extent of the problem. Journal of Social Issues 4, (6): 31-47. Campbell, C., & Cornish, F. (2010). Towards a ‘fourth generation’ of approaches to HIV/AIDS management: Creating contexts for effective community mobilisation. AIDS Care, 2, (2), 1569-1579 DeVerteuil, G. (2005). The relationship between government assistance and housing outcomes among extremely low income individuals: A qualitative inquiry in Los Angeles. 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