Recearch paper 2 - Statistics Project Example

Article: Questions and Answers Quote the "Results" section in its entirety. Pick the first statistic -- a descriptivemeasure computed from many sample data points -- and explain in detail exactly how it is calculated (in words, via a formula, give an example, etc). This could be a measure that we studied in class, but will more likely require outside research on your part (Wikipedia can be a good source). Some possibilities might be: Mean, median, proportion, odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR), vaccine efficacy (VE), etc.

Note: Confidence intervals (CI) and P-values are not statistics according to our definition.ResultsAccording to the results and analysis of obtained data presented “in the July 2001 SUR11 for study 091and the Clinical Study Report (CSR) filed with the FDA in July 200316 for study 078.17 This analysis provided evidence of the excess risk associated with rofecoxib for noncancer deaths (HR, 2.71; 95%CI, 1.57-4.68; P_.001). Most of this excess was due to heart disease deaths (HR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.54-9.51).

The independent analysis also confirmed the increased risk of total mortality (HR, 2.13; 95%CI, 1.36-3.33; P_.001) first identified by the sponsor’s statistician in April 2001.14…” (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). In any case, the analysis was on the intention-to-treat principle that encompassed different events occurring within a span of 1 year of protocol 091 including additional 14 days employed in following up of the patients in order to ascertain the condition. MedianMedian is the statistical measure vividly described in the article.

In the article, confirm that after the medication period of following up was the median of up to 1.7 years. In order to attain this median value as one of the measures of central tendency, the researchers used Cox Model, which was later on adjusted for purposes of accumulating ate and sex (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). In statistics, median is the middle value or number in a given set of data. In order to find the median or middle value, the given set of data is arranged in value order from the highest to the lowest of from the lowest to the highest (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008).

After arranging the data in ascending or descending order, the middle value becomes median, a measure of central tendency. 2. Interpret Inferences. Do one of the following, in everyday language without any special mathematical symbols; and make sure to have the correct measures and units. (a) Pick 3 confidence intervals (CI) from the article and give a formal interpretation for each. Answer the question: Which one is the most precise? Or (b) Pick 3 P-values from the article and give a formal interpretation for each, including strength-of-evidence.

Answer the question: Which one has the strongest evidence? (The inferences may come from the "Results" section or elsewhere in the article. If you cannot find 3 inferences in your article, see the instructor.) Confidence Intervals and the InterpretationVarious confidence intervals (CI) are in the article attempting to provide a statistical view of the same. For instance, for protocol 091, the HR had an addition of 4.43, which was 95% confidence interval (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). The second example is for protocol 078 with a HR of 2.

25 and a 95% confidence interval that makes the data range between 1.17 and 5.56 (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). Lastly, the third confidence interval was in the case of 3-fold increase for mortality having a HR of 2.99 with a confidence interval of 95% making the data to lie somewhere in between 1.55 and 5.77 (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). These are vital confidences of intervals as they provide the possible and reasonable rang within which data is effective and efficient. From these three examples of confidence intervals, all of them have the strongest evidence as they range at 95% confidence interval. 3. Answer the following two questions: Do the authors results provide an answer to the objective posed in the introduction?

Moreover, did the authors present any conclusions for questions, which were not posed in the introduction? (This can be a sign of improper experimental design.) Support each of your answers with specific detail. From the article, the author attempts to provide an answer to the objective posed in the introduction. For instance, in this article the purpose or main objective was to reduce the selective publication of entire trails of available and produced results. This is evident from the results obtained by the author (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008).

Therefore, it is true that the author throughout his or her article discussion and data analysis attempts to provide the answer to objective posed within the introduction. Moreover, the author concludes in relation to the objective of the article as inscribed in the introduction (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). 4. Advise a Patient. What is the most-important advice that you could give to a hypothetical patient in a clinic, as a result of this research? Be specific in what you would say to the patientFrom the above information, discussion, and data analysis, the best advice that can be given to a patient is to ensure that all follow ups, despite the randomization should be taken serious as the preferred method according to the author is ensuring that follow ups are followed up to the end of trails (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008).

Consequently, patients should be serious with their follow-ups. ReferencePsaty, B. & Kronmal, R. (2008). Reporting Mortality Findings in Trials of Rofecoxib for Alzheimer Disease or Cognitive Impairment: A Case Study Based on Documents from Rofecoxib Litigation. Journal of American Medical Association, 299(15); 1813-1817.