Shaken Baby Syndrome - Annotated Bibliography Example

Dear These are the sources I was able to get back at. The other sources are not available when I returned to get them (from the Library). from : American Academy of Pediatrics. (2007). Shaken baby syndrome. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from http://www.aap.org/publiced/BR_ShakenBaby.htm Shaken Baby Syndrome What are the signs of shaken baby syndrome? Shaken baby syndrome is a serious type of head injury that happens when an infant or toddler is severely or violently shaken. Babies are not able to fully support their heavy heads. As a result, violent and forceful shaking causes a babys brain to be injured. Too often, this leads to the death of a baby. When a baby is violently shaken, brain cells are destroyed and the brain cannot get enough oxygen. As a result, a victim of shaken baby syndrome may show one or all of the following signs and symptoms: Irritability Lethargy (difficulty staying awake) Difficulty breathing Tremors (shakiness) Vomiting Seizures Coma Death Shaken baby syndrome usually occurs when a parent or other caregiver shakes a baby out of anger or frustration, often because the baby will not stop crying. Shaken baby syndrome is a serious form of child abuse. What to do If you think your baby might have been injured from violent shaking, the most important step is to get medical care right away. Call your pediatrician or take your baby to the nearest emergency department. If your babys brain is damaged or bleeding inside from severe shaking, it will only get worse without treatment. Getting medical care right away may save your babys life and prevent serious health problems from developing. Be sure to tell your pediatrician or the doctor in the emergency room if your baby was shaken. Do not let embarrassment, guilt, or fear get in the way of your babys health or life. Without the correct information, your pediatrician or the doctor may assume your baby has an illness. Mild symptoms of shaken baby syndrome are very similar to colic, feeding problems, and fussiness. Your baby may not get the right treatment if the doctor does not have all the facts. Spread the word Parents, if other people help take care of your baby, make sure they know about the dangers of shaken baby syndrome. This includes child care providers, older siblings, grandparents, and neighbors - anyone who cares for your baby. Make sure they know it is never okay to shake a baby. from: Gerber, P., Coffmann, K. A. & Bodensteiner, J. B. 2008. Nonaccidental head trauma in infants: The “shaken baby syndrome”. In J. Biller (Ed.), The interface of neurology and internal medicine (pp. 909-917). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.   from: Ursano, A. M., Kartheiser, P. H. & Barnhill, L. J. (2008). Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood or adolescence. In R. E. Hales, S. C. Yudofsky, & G. O. Gabbard (Eds.), The American psychiatric publishing textbook of psychiatry (pp. 861-920). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. from: Lee, W. B. & O’Haloran, H. S. (2007). Shaken baby syndrome. In F. H. Roy & F. W. Fraunfelder (Eds.), Roy and Fraunfelder’s current ocular therapy (6th ed.) (pp. 294-295). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. from Barr, R. G. & Runyan, D. K. (2008). Leading experts investigate shaken baby syndrome – incidence and prevention of this intentional, potentially fatal injury. Retrieved March 3, 2009 from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/103574.php. Leading Experts Investigate Shaken Baby Syndrome - Incidence And Prevention Of This Intentional, Potentially Fatal Injury Main Category: Womens Health / Gynecology Also Included In: Pregnancy / Obstetrics Article Date: 11 Apr 2008 - 1:00 PDT Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), also known as childhood neurotrauma or inflicted traumatic brain injury, is the leading cause of death from childhood maltreatment. Unlike many types of child abuse, the action that causes SBS is known, occurs quickly, and is, theoretically, largely preventable. An international symposium sponsored by the National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome examined how to establish the incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children and explored issues of definitions, passive versus active surveillance, study designs, proxy measures, statistical issues and prevention. Key findings are published in a Special Supplement to the April 2008 issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. SBS is a form of intentional injury to infants and children caused by violent shaking with or without associated contact with a hard surface. The mortality rate of victims of this intentional brain injury is about 25%, while survivors do very poorly. In a recent Canadian study, investigators found that after 10 years only 7% of the survivors were reported as "normal," 12% were in a coma or vegetative state, 60% had a moderate or greater degree of disability and 85% would require ongoing multidisciplinary care for the rest of their lives. Guest Editors Robert M. Reece, Desmond K. Runyan, and Ronald G. Barr and an international group of authors significantly contribute to the increasing visibility of violence against children in general and child maltreatment in particular. They state that although prevention has been a highly desired but elusive goal in the field of child abuse, the apparent potential for prevention of inflicted childhood neurotrauma in particular through universal educational initiatives, both in North America and potentially around the world, has contributed considerable urgency to the importance of addressing these challenges. The symposium participants who convened to address these measurement issues were very cognizant of these challenges. Presentations addressed two main themes: (1) the adequacy of current and/or projected systems for measuring the incidence of shaken baby syndrome; and (2) a review of available strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of primary programs for its prevention in large jurisdictions. Reece addressed the complex issue of nomenclature variants and how they might (or might not) be integrated. Runyan described the challenges and emerging evidence concerning rates of the caregiving risk behavior of shaking. Keenan, Minns and Trent described their experiences with active and passive surveillance systems. Bennett described the countrywide Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program, and Ryan described the design and proposed use of the Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Registry to measure inflicted childhood neurotrauma. To assess strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of prevention programs in large jurisdictions, Rivara presented the strengths, weaknesses, and potential pitfalls of available designs applicable at a jurisdictional level, and Shapiro discussed whether case control designs used successfully in disease prevention research could be applied to SBS. Finally, Ellingson, Leventhal, and Weiss described comparative rates derived from retrospective passive surveillance data sets to those derived from prospective active surveillance studies, and Runyan, Berger and Barr provide an integrative proposal for the "ideal system" to measure inflicted neurotrauma incidence. Writing in the supplement, Guest Editors Ronald G. Barr, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and Child & Family Research Institute, and Desmond K. Runyan, The University of North Caroline, Chapel Hill, state, "…it is apparent that there is a bad news/good news storyline emerging here. While the challenges to measuring inflicted injury are real and considerable, it is equally clear that considerable progress has been made and that reliable and valid measurement appears feasible and obtainable. Substantive work continues to be done toward providing reasonable measures that will be informative both about the nature and scope of inflicted neurotrauma in infants and about the possibility that prevention programs will be able to be demonstrated to be effective (or not) on the basis of empiric measurements. It is none too soon." These articles appear in a Special Supplement to the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 34, Issue 4 (April 2008), Supplement 1, published by Elsevier. The Symposium was supported by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation of New York and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Supplement was supported by the Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) at the CDC, Atlanta. from: Tasker, R. C. 2007. Nonaccidental trauma and shaken baby syndrome. In D. S. Wheeler, H. R. Wong & T. P. Shanley (Eds.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (pp. 916-923). London: Springer-Verlag. from: Spouse, J., Cox, C. & Cook, M. J. 2008. Common foundation studies in nursing (4th ed). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. Read More