Best Practice to Prevent Racism against Muslim Women in Australia - Research Proposal Example

SWN019 Research Project Vivienne Yie Sunn LEONG (n8012351) Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Research 9 Methodology 10 Theoretical Framework on Women Racism 10 Policy Based Approach 12 Emerging Trends of Racism---Cultural Based Approach 12 Research Method 13 Figure 1: Process of A systematic Review 14 Type of Data for the Research 15 Sample Selection Process 16 Data Analysis 16 Ethical Consideration 17 Research Timeline 18 Table 1: Research Timeline 18 Resource Requirements 19 Dissemination of Results 19 Title of Project Best Practice to Prevent Racism Against Muslim Women in Australia Introduction Racism affects people from all cultures and religion. In Australia, for being a Muslim, a woman is racially abused every 20 minutes according to data released by Islamic Women’s Welfare Council of Victoria as established by Muslim women for Muslim women (Dunn & Kamp, 2013). This concern shows that there is need to succinctly find the best practice that prevents racism Muslim women face in Australia. According to White Ribbon (2014) (as cited in Wise, 2017) racial abuses directed to Muslim women needs to be addressed. Taking a case study on culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds in Australia, White Ribbon (2014) observed that cases of racial abuses have increased by at least 15 percent between 2010 and 2014 and if policy framework that addresses the problem is not ratified Muslim women will continue to be vulnerable and face violence and challenges when accessing different services. Currently, measures that have been put in place by institutions such as Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights (AMWCHR) have not provided specific practice that can prevent instances of racism against women in Australia (AMWCHR, 2001). Currently, policy formulations outlined by different institutions make attempts of preventing racism against Muslim women in terms of promoting a human rights perspective to deal with issues of disadvantage and inequality (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2009). However, there is need for formulation of practices that reflects AMWCHR policy framework so that instances of racism against Muslim women can be treated from the perspective of victims and government in advocating for equality within the context of Australian. The objective of research project is to provide critically analysis of a systematic review that addresses best practice to prevent racism Muslim women in Australia. Literature Review The recent entrance of Federation of Ethnic Communities’ Councils of Australia (FECCA) as one of the bodies entrusted with the elimination of racism in Australia has noted women, particularly from Islamic religion continue to grapple with instance of racism (Berman, 2008). According to data released by Challenging Racism Project: the Anti-Racism Research Project (2011) (as cited in Ewart et al. 2016), at least 45 percent of Muslim women have faced instances of racism. This position was supported by the annual Scanlon Foundation Surveys when they researched on ‘Mapping Social Cohesion (Poynting & Mason, 2006). According to the research, there were at least 10 incidences of racist attacks towards Muslim women every 20 minutes in Australia between 2010 and 2013. The research noted that while Australia was implementing policies including introduction of ‘large measure of acceptance of groups once stigmatised’, the level of negative feeling towards Muslim women was still high in Australia. The best practice in the prevention of racism against Muslim women in Australia remains contested in literatures. According to Syed and Pio (2010), the pursuit of equality and justice for Muslim women has been present to varying degrees when it comes to historical periods across societies and cultures in Australia. Based on this position, Poynting and Noble (2004) noted that the need to establish a mechanism that deals with instances of racial discrimination agaist Muslim women is essential so that the policy which is oriented towards political and social change can work with the community, individuals and government in advocating against cases of racism in Australia. While Poynting and Noble (2004) research advocates for social inclusivity as the best approach of dealing with instances of racism against women, the study fails to recognize the fact that the formation of religious identity against Muslim women is characterized by its diversity and complexity therefore suggesting inclusivity may not address the social fabric that characterizes Muslim women. Additionally, studies such as Bertone et al. (2005) have already recognized that the nature and cause of prevalence of racial abuses against Muslim women is significantly under-researched. The position held by Bertone et al. undermines Patton (2017) suggestion. Elaborating on his research, Patton was concerned with Muslim women’s subjectivities and identities as factors that have necessitated racism towards them. Using the locality of Dandenong in outer-suburban Melbourne as a case study, the author noted that the incidences of racism continue to grow thus the position Bertone et al. (2005) is not in tandem with case studies Patton drew regarding Dandenong. Furthermore, Bertone et al. undermines the research position in the sense that it limits the ability to generalize as to which practice will take into consideration the complexity of Islamic belief about women. As a result to the limitation that Patton (2017) research portrays this review considers studies such as Costello (2015) which have recognized that Muslim women in Australia exist in a highly diverse group in their own right as result, finding the best practice that limits instances of racism must take into consideration of such diversity. Contemporary studies such as Maxwell (2013) have noted that practices such as provision of rights and protections for Muslim women is essential in ensuring that AMWCHR have a working foundation in dealing with racism against Muslim women. This position has been supported by Small (2014) who noted that currently, there is increasing acknowledgement of different challenges that face risk groups including Muslim women. As a result, Perry (2014) advocated for the need to have a policy framework that ensures rights and protections of Muslim women are guaranteed. However, this review finds some level of inconsistencies in their policy framework when compared to institutional framework that have been adopted by different organisations including AMWCHR. For instance, Perry (2014) noted that any best practice that seeks to deal with instances of racism in Australia should take consideration of different aspects including how women will seek service support and legal redress. Dunn et al. (2016) noted that that Australia has increased anti-terrorism laws (which in turn, have challenged political and social practices that further segregated Muslim woman. These legal frameworks have control instances of racism in what the study terms as apprehensiveness regarding the Australian legal system. This approach lags steps that have been put in place to control instances of racism directed towards Muslim women. Generally, these studies note that the best practice that prevents instances of racism is to develop cultural and gender sensitive approaches that recognise diversities in terms of culture and gender to limit challenges faced by Muslim women. The argument regarding cultural and gender sensitive approaches has been statistically represented in other studies. According to ABS (2011), between 2006 and 2012 about 15.1 per cent of Muslim women faced different instances of discrimination while seeking employment and by average, the study noted that two thirds (63.3%) faced instances of racism in their places of employment (CASE, 2014). Recent research findings from Lovat et al. (2011) noted that currently, policy framework suggested to prevent cases of racism against Muslim women are not dealing with specific issues including domestic and family level instances of racism. A growing body of literature has examined the approach given by Lovat et al. (2011) and noted that while these studies provide framework that helps in finding the best practice that helps in preventing racism against Muslim women, the researches only looks for solution basing their data on daily forms of racism that take place domestically. For instance, Multicultural Centre for Women’s Health (MCWH) (2014) cites that Lovat et al. (2011) research is only concerned with physical violence including cases of asking Muslim women to remove their hijab. Much work on the potential of best practice to prevent racism Muslim women in Australia has not been carried out in these studies noting that currently, the majority of racism women Muslim face occurs in public spaces such as in the park, street and public transport. In mid-2010, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD) observed that incidences of racism against women in Australia arguing that, ‘the increase in Muslim women’s inequity and discrimination in different work places have been on increase and as such, policy framework that deals with such instances should conform to legal framework’ (Every & Perry, 2014). As such, it is essential to look at the best practice in terms of framework provided by UNCERD. On the other hand, the best practice should be recognized from the wider understanding of racial understanding. For instance, the current challenge in providing the best practice is obscured by the fact that Australian government policy frameworks and research initiatives have continued to treat Muslim women as one group of CALD communities in Australia thus failing to establish policy framework that specifically deals with racism Muslim women in Australia face. Data shows that orthodox interpretative frameworks in Australia accounts for about 20 percent cases of racism against Muslim women in Australia (McWhae et al., 2015). As such, a policy decision that address racism Muslim women in Australia face should take into consideration the role of orthodox views and in particular, interpretative framework that will be able to designate Muslim women equal status as other women in Australia. In most of Australia’s policy frameworks that address racism Muslim women in Australia face, the definition of Islamic woman have varied considerably as the debate continue to be a subject of social and political matter where from one hand, racism against Muslim women is seen as politically motivated and from the hand, socially constructed issue. Because of this position, studies have focused in offering solutions to the challenges Muslim women face have recognized the need to establish specific sectarian and geographic context of Muslim’s situation and levels of racism rather than generally finding solutions to what would solve problems of ‘Muslim women’ (Forrest et al., 2016; Dandy & Pe-Pua, 2015). This view was supported by Women’s Council for Domestic and Family Violence Services (WCDFVS) noting that the best approach is to create an environment where policy makers and institutions allow members of the public to have civic and legal literacy programs that enlighten them on the importance of refraining from racism towards Muslim women (Dandy & Pe-Pua, 2015). These researchers have tended to focus on challenges Muslim women in Australia faces rather than solutions to the challenges they enumerated. An additional problem these studies fail to address is the fact that community education campaigns aimed at shifting people’s attitudes from racism have been minimal. Forrest et al. (2016) noted that increasing women’s awareness regarding their entitlements and legal rights is essential in dealing with cases of racism that have been targeting Muslim women in Australia. MCWH in Australia noted that increasing the scope and capacity of the legal and community sectors that work with Muslim women would provide a solution to challenges of racism Muslim women face (Dandy & Pe-Pua, 2015). The suggested best practice these studies outline include supporting community ownership by supporting Muslim women’s capacity building as well as prevention of instances of racism in public space. Advocacy programs advocated by WCDFVS are to undertake community awareness as education campaigns on racism against Muslim women. However, the best practice is to follow Forrest et al. (2016) framework by developing a framework that shift attitudes and beliefs which alleviate racism against Muslim women. Research The research is informed by the need to establish common risk assessment framework so that the question can prompt an undertaking of statewide research on racism against Muslim women in Australia (Costello, 2015). The research seeks to establish the best practice to prevent racism Muslim women in Australia that incorporates wider definitions of Muslim women racism in Australia so that the practice goes beyond policy frameworks including frontline service providers across Australia. In order to provide evidence informing policy and practice in solving the problem (racism against Muslim women), research question informs the quantitative and qualitative data analysis to be adopted in providing clear as well as chronological account of the data and statistical findings studies such as Perry (2014) have adopted. As a result, the research question is informed theoretical framework from Perry (2014) that noted that a research question should be designed for the participants from two approaches: participants of the issues and caretakers of the issue. In order for the research to develop deeper insights into how Australia can adopt the best practice against the issue, the research question will be by the literatures and current studies regarding the topic: What is best practice to prevent racism Muslim Women in Australia? Methodology Today’s racism experienced by Muslim women in Australia is premised more around religion and culture. It is for this reason that the overall aim and objective of this study is to formulate best practice that addresses racism against Muslim women in Australia and specifically, in instances of racist views targeting Muslim women. According to Scanlon Foundation Survey the boundaries of racist expression towards women are limitless (Patton, 2017). It therefore means that the best practice this research adopts should not only reflect on the issues of culture and religion but address the potential dissemination of views and ideas of racial expressions towards Muslim women in Australia. Theoretical Framework on Women Racism In Australia, instances of racism against women are premised on different theoretical frameworks. Taking a case study, on February 2009, a 21-year old Muslim woman named Kaiserslautern was racially attacked in the street and she reawaken, she noted that her hijab was ripped off and clothes drenched in alcohol. From this case, gender racism towards Muslim women took what Patton (2017) termed as ‘presupposing treatment based on subjective criteria’ (p. 108). According to the research, this is a theoretical framework where one society expresses their racial abuse to another as a way of mocking the latter’s social and cultural orientation. Thus this is the theoretical model that will inform the process of this research. However, racial abuses targeted towards Muslim women can be informal and subtler such as social exclusion; isolation and avoidance of interpersonal contact as one discredit another social, cultural and religious orientation. According to researches on attribution theory, Muslim women in Australia are more likely to be subjected to racial abuses when their social and cultural performance outshines others in different places including management, coordination and places of work (Patton, 2017). According to Costello (2015) Muslim women are likely to face even more intense cases of racism when their performance outclasses non-Muslim or men and in such cases, their performances are not attributed to their skills and or experiences but favorable external context. On the other hand, when their performances do not meet the needed targeted in the society they are not given room to learn but such are attributed to their incompetency, culture or religious beliefs. Given this landscape, Australia based or a national anti-racism strategy that helps Muslim women deal with stereotypical views is very much needed. FECCA argues that any practice deemed best must be multifaceted, work towards creating a culture that recognizes diversity, culturally and socially adaptive to Muslim women and easily implemented at the grassroots level (Costello, 2015). According to equity theory, women are most likely to be racially abused when there is prejudice against women that they cannot be financially remunerated on the same level as other male employees (Syed & Pio, 2010). An increasing number of studies have found that this theory is applicable when assessing how women are subjected to unstructured promotion policies (Poynting & Noble, 2004). That is, equity theory advocates for the need to recognize that national anti-racism strategy in Australia may not be working for the benefit of Muslim women and as a result, there is need to recognize that best practices that aims to deal with raced based abuse rather than religion is needed. Policy Based Approach Recent approaches that have been suggested towards dealing with racism towards Muslim women have largely borrowed from proposal provided by FECCA (Poynting & Noble, 2004). However, encompassing practices that deal with the social problem need to be policy based. Over 45 percent cases of racist views expressed towards Muslim women in Australia are overt with cases such as spat, pushing, insulting and having their hijab pulled and interfered with being on the rise. From this perspective, anti-racism practices must recognize that the racism against Muslim women is ingrained and as such policy frameworks need to be re-evaluated so that orientation session to women enlightens and creates awareness to them so that community also learns to showcase good practice as well as harmonious relationship with the targeted women. This is what Australian Human Rights Commission (2009) terms as a policy based approach that sees Muslim women as whole of the community of Australia thus creating tolerance and harmony in public space. Emerging Trends of Racism---Cultural Based Approach It is imperative to recognize that cultural perspectives determine the extent to which instances of racism will be expressed towards Muslim women. As a matter of fact, Dandy & Pe-Pua (2015) recognize that the trend is culturally entrenched to an extent that solutions to the problem need to be formulated from cultural perspective. A research by Dunn & Kamp (2013) noted that in New South Wales alone, Arab, Muslim and Sikh women faced increased number of racism that was culture based. A policy based practice that can solve the problem should seek to eliminate culture-based stereotypes that for long have caused insecurity and fear from the natives thus expressing their racist behaviors towards women Muslim. Recognizing emerging trends of racism will open an avenue of documenting cases of racially motivated incidences towards women which for long, have been behind the climate of insecurity and fear. Research Method In order to contextualize the research objectives and theoretical framework outlined, a fundamental principle of systematic review is chosen as the research methodology. A related hypothesis from studies such as Dandy & Pe-Pua (2015) holds that a systematic review provide the impetus needed in answering social issues since it provides the opportunity to gather data that provide critical analysis and evidence from different researches. Contextualising this position within the research project, developing a clear and well supported thesis statement on the best practice that prevent racial instance towards Muslim women requires that a systematic review focus on researches that provide evidence-based findings that are in tandem with current trends in racism towards Muslim women. Studies recognize that there is community action already taking place in Australia (Dandy & Pe-Pua, 2015). These actions and initiatives often take form of volunteers, interfaith and cross-cultural dialogue. Adopting a systematic review will therefore provide this research with the approach of assessing these activities with the proposed practices so that a community model is based on research findings that already captured Islamic practices, cultural orientations and philosophy. Consequently, the research design (adopting a systematic review) challenges theoretical frameworks from studies such as Perry (2014) so that instead of seeing racism as cultural and socially instigated phenomena, this report can equate and compare experiences of racism across Muslim communities and history. Our focus is to obtain data from researches that provides efficacy and direction in developing evidence based practice that prevent incidences of racism against Muslim. The process of system review that provides answers to the research question is as shown in figure 1 below: Figure 1: Process of A systematic Review Source: Perry (2014) According to the figure above, the end product of the review will be to interpret results and consequently determine the applicability to the research question. The review seeks to attain the following: Assessment of the quality of materials that answers the research question Facilitation of evidence-based decision making Identifying unpublished and published materials Developing meta-analysis towards the research question To quantify, succinctly, how good the intervention is towards Muslim women racism The review will follow the structure above by identifying the topic and research materials that are specific to the research objective. To confirm to specific regulations and practices currently in place, the materials collected will be specific as most relevant and critical information regarding the research process. The collection of materials then follows the summary of main findings and results of the systematic review (Perry, 2014). The demographic of the research is specific (Muslim women) and as such, the review limits the material search to factors that specifically affect the targeted group. Respecting specific cultural orientation, belief and religion of the Muslim women, we are concerned with data that relates to the prevalence and nature of racism in Australia that will in turn; inform the best practice that works for the targeted group. Consequently, the research adopts interview process through structure questionnaire presented to the targeted respondents (Muslim women). In concluding the review, the topic of the research needs data to be confined within Australia, as such, Australian literature review suits the topic but comparative analyses are required thus a consideration of data from other countries were will be sought. Type of Data for the Research The research will use both quantitative and qualitative data. Beginning with quantitative data, the research will seek values or counts as expressed in number. Within the context of the research topic question, quantitative data concerns the numerical values on cases of racism towards Muslim women. On the other hand, qualitative data regards research data on secondary sources particularly, non-numeric value and such as people’s perceptions on Muslim women. The data for the research provides deeper understanding of the issue so that the research finding provides deeper insights into ways in which the best practices can be integrated within the already existing frameworks. Secondly, the data is directional in the sense that it attempts to predict the anticipated outcome with regard to the research’s issue, data collection and data analysis tools used. Studies such as Patton (2017) have recognized the need to develop research questions that compliment community capacity building and racism prevention so as to increase the status of Muslim women in the community. As a result, the research question not only seeks to provide the best practice against racism against Muslim women but support and resource institutions that informs, consults and partner with Muslim women on issues related to racism. Sample Selection Process Based on the nature of the study and the targeted respondents, samples will be selected using stratified random sampling process where 30 women and 30 men will be sampled randomly for the study. This method has been preferred over others like systematic random since the research targets a given strata within the population. The sample selection criteria takes critical evaluation of existing policies and regulation stipulated so as to offer recommendation in terms of best practice so that it decipher final answers and decisions needed to understand and acknowledge diversity and plurality within Islam woman’s needs. The sample selection has adopted the aspect of ‘best practice’ in framing the question so that the practice the research adopt will recognize and acknowledge that Muslim women in Australia are not homogenous. Data Analysis The scores of the research tests will be processed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software in the quantitative analysis. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis of the responses using SPSS entailed interpreting each aspect of the rubric according to the respondents’ view. Additionally, means and frequencies (descriptive statistics) would be used in the analysis of the responses or data collected. To test the research validity and conformity to the data collected, Pearson’s Correlation analysis would be adopted especially in deciphering the relationship between different variables (in this case racism against Muslim women). Conclusively, reliability of the instruments is essential in testing the data collected. As such, the study will be tested using Cronbach’s Alpha test so as to find out the research instruments can attain a satisfactory level of acceptance within the level of racism targeting Muslim women in Australia. Ethical Consideration The research ethical consideration follows framework provided by Australia-based institutions such National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007). As such the research collects data and gathering after seeking consent from relevant ethics committee and the targeted respondents and having acquired specific requirement of the approval form required in the institution in accordance with studies such as Perry (2014). In accordance with section one of National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research the ethical consideration considers the following issues: Taking due diligence not to cause harm to human researchers or subject within the male department Respecting the autonomy of the human research subjects in the male department Undertaking the research justly towards the subjects in the male department Researches such as Syed and Pio (2010) have recognized that professionalism values are one of the core elements for quality research as such the study will consider National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research in addressing cultural sensitivity and religious values of the research participants (Muslim women). Premised on the values outlined by the National Statement on Ethical Conduct data collection and analysis ensure that the research process consist of values, ethics, concepts, professionalism, culture so that research findings conform to human altruism, integrity, dignity, autonomy and social justice. Research Timeline The research timeline is elaborated in the table 1 below. According to the table the activities of the research is projected starting with the research’s literature review that reflects the research design and objectives, and processes of a systematic review that conform to specific research methodology. According to the timeline the start date of the research was in January and the projected date of completion is expected by the end of year 2017. Table 1: Research Timeline Objectives 2017 2017 A Research Milestone Jan-March April May June-Sept. November December 1 AIM 1: Project Specification                                                 1.1 Literature Review                                                 1.2 Study Design                                                 2 AIM 2: Ethics Approval                                                 2.1 Draft Ethics Proposal to Supervisor                                                 2.2 Submit Ethics Proposal                                                 3 AIM 3: Data Collection                                                 3.1 Sub Task: Data collection                                                 3.2 Sub Task: Data collection complete                                                 4 AIM 4: Research Proposal                                                 4.1 Sub Task: Data analysis complete                                                 4.2 Sub Task: Review findings with Supervisor                                                 5 Writing Proposal                                                 1 Sub Task: Complete Draft Report                                                 2 Sub Task: Feedback from lecturer                                                 3 Sub Task: Finalised report                                                 C Review of the Research                                                 1 Sub Task: Dissertation to Committee                                                   Completed   Projected Resource Requirements The system review gathers data from different data sources including information from Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Library website. Other sources include ProQuest as linked from QUT library. In order to narrow the search, the termed were specific to the issue. Dissemination of Results To ascertain the research originality and validity, the final research will be submitted to turnitin. The program (turnitin) will further provide an avenue for marking and grading and furthermore presented verbally in a conference in the course SWN 020 in subsequent semester. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)Abs, 2011. Census of Population and Housing, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011. Australian Human Rights Commission.(2009). Annual Report 2008–2009. Australian Human Rights Commission. Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights (AMWCHR) (2001). Race, Faith and Gender: Converging Discriminations Against Muslim Women in Victoria: The Ongoing Impact of September 11, 2001, Final Report, 2008. Berman, G., (2008). Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission & Victorian Multicultural Commission.. 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