Biology Essays

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules and are mostly double–stranded, circular, and covalently closed molecules, varying in size from 1 kb to 200 kb. (Sambrook and Russell 2001). They are found in many bacterial species. They replicate independently and use a variety of mechanisms to maintain their copy number.

Since the inception of the modern era, the ratio of humans to plants and animals has been ever increasing because of various factors addressing population explosion and the inability for humans to control the same. However, this is no excuse to give up protecting plant and animal life since humans depend on the same for more than one aspect of their sustenance.

According to this report organic food can be defined as the food produced by using natural elements including nature and environment with the use of minimum or no amount of synthetic products. Organic food is much more tasty and healthy compared to the industrially produced ones. It is favorable not only for us but also for the animals and the environment.

The cell cycle consists of two major steps: Interphase and mitotic phase. The cell spends most of its time in the interphase. In this phase, the cell grows, doubles the contents and duplicates the DNA. The interphase consists of 4 sub phases. They are G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and Mitotic phase.

According to the discussion dietary proteins usually undergo dissembling into amino acids, which are the building blocks. The body only has the potential to absorb amino acids, explaining why the body embarks on the digestive process. The change that takes place in the stomach involves the mechanical breakage of solid proteins. 

Errors in health care are the leading cause of deaths and injuries. The irony is that these deaths and injuries are preventable, because the people working in health care are among the most educated and dedicated workforces in any industry. The obvious question then is why do these medical errors occur?

There are a number of background considerations within this area of investigation. One of the most prominent considerations relates to the nature of antibiotics. In these regards, antibiotics are medicinal drugs that target and kill bacteria in the human body.

Cilia are 6- to 10-µm cellular structures studying the membrane to allow movement. It is more than ten times smaller than the flagellum, which is 150 µm in length. In cross-section, the characteristic 9 + 2 motif of microtubule arrangement can be appreciated. It has a characteristic oscillation motion in which they are relatively straight in the forward stroke

Stress has been found to have both beneficial as well as deleterious effects on the human body depending on the nature and duration of the stressor. In most cases, however, the harmful effects outweigh the benefits of stress on the immune system which is especially the case in chronic stressful conditions.

People nowadays use mobile phones to access religious texts such as e-books, unlike the tradition whereby one would move around with heavy books. There are also mobile Apps that can give members easy access to the bible and other holy books such as the Koran. Some religious leaders use such Apps to carry out their sermons.

The word Fermentation is derived from Latin verb “fever” which means “to boil”. It is the process through which energy is derived from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates, by using an electron accepter, usually an inner organic compound.

Proteins play critical roles in the cell, a factor that has helped scientists appreciate the salient significance of these molecules. Some cell proteins serve as enzymes, a role that involves the catalysis of all cellular processes. Proteins exhibit a high level of specialization, a factor that is evident in the structure and function of enzymes in the cell.

Aphids can have a great destructive effect on plants and the aphid damage symptoms often include stunted growth, mottled leaves, yellowing, curled leaves, wilting, low yields, and early death. Researchers have identified that removal of sap impedes the active growth of plants and similarly the aphid saliva is highly toxic to plants.

He originally submitted his theory of continental drift in 1912 during a gathering of the Germen Geological Association. He also proposed it in his book, which was published in 1915 in which he made reference to the existence of a single large supercontinent 200 million years ago, which he christened Pangaea (Chaomei, 2003).

However, there exists a difference between antibiotics. For example, there those with wider action are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics while those that are effective to only few organisms are known as narrow spectrum antibiotics (American Academy of Paediatrics 2013).

Definition Allergy is defined as abnormal reaction of the immune system when a person comes into contact with certain substances such as molds, dust mite, pollens, danders, certain foods, smells, microorganisms. The body system of defense gears itself to fight against misidentified alien invaders.

Global temperature rise has a profound effect on the overall health of the populations of the world. As greenhouse gases continue to increase through human activity, the temperature of the Earth’s surface will continue to grow. Ecological impact on the human populations will continue to be affected by the aspect of growing heat problems in contrast with a lack of infrastructure that is prepared to handle the impact.

As a matter of fact, it is purported that Jenner was not the first person to suggest the relationship between immunity and smallpox. Louis Pasteur In my opinion, one of the important personalities, who have made a great contribution not only in the field of microbiology, but also in human health, is Louis Pasteur.

This is because one of the risks of acquiring this disease is that it may lead to the development of heart disease as well as disease of the blood vessel. Furthermore, there is also the risk of the development of high blood pressure among those who have diabetes.

As the paper outlines metabolic reprogramming enables the cells to synthesize specific metabolites in an uncontrollable manner. The scientists have identified many metabolites related to cancer. Some of the most important molecules are phosphocholine, glycine, glutamate, aspartate and essential aminoacids. 

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has focused on intensive research in its bid to prevent the prevalent infection in many lands. This paper will describe the parasite that causes Giardiasis, symptoms of the infection, prophylaxis, and treatment. Giardiasis is an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. 

There are about 48,000 women who fall prey to this disease in the country each year (Breast Cancer (Female), 2012). Further, about half of the affected population are women over the age of 50. On the other hand, the disease also affects younger women. Breast cancer in men is less common at a rate of one in every 100,000 males (Breast Cancer in Men, 2011).

People perceive stigmas about people identified wit these conditions and the last thing they want is to be lumped into such a group. There is a high level of embarrassment and shame associated with sexually transmitted disease that it can make people very reluctant to talk about such things even with their healthcare providers.

These types also affect the anus and the rectum (Monsonego 189). Thirteen of these types of virus have been classified as high risks because they cause cervical cancer. Apparently, HPV affects 80 per cent of sexually energetic men and women but only a few people become aware of the presence of the virus in their system (Monsonego 189).

These hemichannels are each made up from six hemichannel molecules. These gap junctions are significant to the vertebrates as they are used for several physiological processes, for instance correct embryonic development, conducted reaction in microvasculature and harmonized depolarization of the cardiac muscles.

Globalization has even decreased the distance between people and has led to increase in economic development of both developed and developing nations. Even though globalization has impacted human life in a positive manner, it has even resulted in impacting human life in a negative manner.

There are over one hundred thousand different kinds of species of arachnids, but the most common are spiders, ticks, scorpions and mites. There are two basic parts of a typical adult arachnid. One is their four pairs of legs, and a body that is divided into two distinct sections: the cephalothorax, which is composed of the merged head and thorax, and the abdomen.

What I do seems like such a small effort when compared to the world, yet if even half the people in the world did what I did, then, maybe there would be far less impact on our natural environment. RECYCLING PLASTIC CONTAINERS I buy real butter in tubs because I like it best when it is spreadable.

The red blood cells also collect carbon di oxide which is expelled by the lungs as a part of respiration. The exchange of the oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in a place called alveoli which are tiny sacs and the important component of lungs. There are around 300 million alveoli in the lungs of an adult.

This implies that they were in existence even before the dinosaurs roamed the earth. However, today, it is terribly disturbing to find that all species have been listed on the World Conservation Unit (IUCN) Red List as being under the threat of extinction.

Phenotypes can either be A, B, AB, or O. It is determined by the combination of multiple alleles, IA, IB and i, which produces six combinations of genotypes: IAIA and IAi, which produces phenotype A, IBIB and IBi, which produces phenotype B, IAIB, which produces phenotype AB, and ii, which produces phenotype O.

They are essential since they help inactivate the ions thus making them not to be able to react normally with other ions and elements in order to produce scale or precipitates. Given that most enzymes such as the DNases need metal ions for purposes of using it as a cofactor, it implies that lack of InstaGene matrix would lead to a situation where the enzymes are not inactivated.

Ecosystem in biological terms is referred to as the kind of the environment habited by a living thing. Man, or humans, can virtually live anywhere apart from underwater (Bradley, 2009). Man believes in being supreme over every other animal and that explains why as other animals adapt to their environments, man forces its environment to adapt to his specifications.

Mushrooms are one of the most delightful food items in the world. It is liked and used by many people while preparing different recipes. Mushrooms are fungi and not plants. For their nutritional needs, mushrooms rely on the decay of dead plants as they lack chlorophyll. Shady forests or damp grassy fields are the common breeding grounds for mushrooms.

The NCPC defines brain tumor as “any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or spread from cancers primarily located in other organs (metastatic tumors)” (NSPC, 2012).

Leishmaniasis is a multifaceted mammalian disorder attributable to parasitic protozoa relegated as Leishmania species (Ready, 2010). In humans, diverse varieties of the parasite are linked to different forms of diseases. World Health Organization reports that the global effects of Leishmaniasis have been miscalculated for many years (World Health Organization, 2009).

However, oftentimes the best way to define something that is infinitely complex is to draw a very broad definition that focuses on the key attributes and elements that are displayed while also drawing on the key attributes and elements that are noticeably missing.

However, the key reason behind the embrace of agriculture was the level of competition that was developing over the acquisition of food via hunting and gathering techniques. These competitions were calculated from the swelling populations, as well as development of unique tastes among the populations.

The Arabian Oryx, amongst all Oryxes, lives in the driest and hottest habitat; thus, having a lower level of water requirement is essential to survive in such a habitat. The Arabian Oryx is an elegant white antelope distinguished for its long unbowed horns.

Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina, “Avicenna” as he is best known in Europe is one of the most significant philosophers of Islamic tradition. He is regarded by many as the most influential philosopher of the medieval era (Khan 2). He was born in the 1980s in Bukhara, South Asia, which was then a leading city in Persia.  

Rhyniophyta Flora belongs to a division of vascular plants and is associated with the class Rhyniopsidia. They were known to lack vascular tissue and cannot be included in the group that is monophyletic. This was the first known flora. Currently this group of flora includes species from other generas such as Huvenia, Rhynia and Stock mansella.

Through photosynthesis, plants, animals and other photosynthetic organisms can capture the energy from the sun and store it inside their energy carriers. These carriers care the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and sugars in the forms of chemical bonds. The release of oxygen into our environment and the chemical splitting of water results from the chemical reaction during photosynthesis.

Notwithstanding that the effect of tanker exploitation is well-known and described in a great number of documents, it is still not easy to imagine how much harm oil spills bring to our seas. They affect marine life in different ways, and ecologists are afraid that the scale of spills is too large and the seas may not have enough time to recover.

Fruits: A Dichotomy of Taste The amount of flora in the world has been increasing exponentially since life first took hold on the planet. There are many different types of plants that each has their own unique characteristics. Even though there has been extensive taxonomic classification of the world’s flora, there are still many isolated regions of the world where there are plants that have yet to be discovered.

What do we mean by maintaining control of the balance of the ecosystem? Ecosystems are fragile making it essential for a balance of the various life forms. For instance, rodents may multiply due to the influence of factors beneficial to their multiplication with the potential for upsetting the balance of the ecosystem.

It really is essential to state that corn or maize, however, has a rigid rachis called the cob and is made up of kernels (494). Although some scientists believe that teosinte is the ancestor of corn, many people do not because of the differences in the appearance of teosinte when compared with corn.

For the first six months after their marriage, couple had used barrier methods (condoms) for contraception. Later on, they decided to have a child. So, for the past one and a half years, they had been having unprotected intercourse. Ross and Julia had lived together all this time and on an average, they had intercourse about 3-4 times a week.

Darwinism asserts that natural selection process will determine the survival ability of each species. Creationism asserts that a supernatural creator (GOD) created the universe and all organisms in the world. Unlike, creationism, Darwinism asserts that all species have a common ancestor and new species emerge from multiplication process and gradual change and adaption to the environment.

Cancer describes diseases whose growth of cells is beyond control. There are numerous categories of cancer with each category exuding distinct tendencies based on areas initially affected. Scientists report that more than one hundred cancer types exist in the world today.

In 1980, the report of human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS is said to be as a result of blood transfusion leading to the general panic for both the public and institution for the United States blood banks. There has been a threat of the global shortages of blood and the fears of contamination have also hastened the attempts of finding a life-sustaining alternative.