Biology Essays

The structure of the brain and its particular functions have been extensively examined in the literature. In this context, it has been found that women’s brain is different in terms of its functions than the men’s brain. Moreover, the position of the brain has been also found to be different in men than in women.

The author states that there are basically 2 types of diabetes mellitus. While type-1 is due to absolute insulin deficiency as a result of pancreatic beta-cell destruction, there is relative insulin deficiency in type-2 as a result of a combination of peripheral resistance to insulin action and an inadequate secretory response by the beta cells.

Unless these reproductive issues remain the subject of continual ethical debate, there is little hope of achieving agreement between an individual’s personal moral philosophy and what they may be required to do in practice.” (Devane & Devane, 2000).

One of the main functions of the tongue is to help in mixing the food with saliva. Saliva is a liquid substance secreted by salivary glands. There are three pairs of salivary glands in human beings. They open themselves into the mouth cavity by ducts. They are as follows: A pair of parotid glands situated in front of the base of the external ears, etc.

The world is full of many people with different identities. Sometimes, people move from one place to another, and they engage in one activity or the other. There is always the need to identify and authenticate the identity of “who someone is”. These physical characteristics and personal traits include fingerprint, hand, face and voice recognition.

The population in the study involved was retired male workers from the Russian Nuclear Industry who were classified into three subject groups. Customized software and standardized methodology developed at the State Research Centre Institute of Biophysics, Moscow was used in the study to compare and analyze the staining pattern.

We have come a long way in understanding Darwin’s theory of the evolution of man and the theories of great evolutionists before Darwin and this knowledge of our past has helped us not only to understand our present but also throws light on our future. Jared Diamond called this shift of evolution as the “Great Leap Forward.” 

Investigators first identified Legionella pneumophila from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the year 1976. An outbreak of pneumonia which affected about 220 attendees at an American Legion Conference and resulting in 34 deaths, led to an investigation by the CDC researchers.

It is a fact that dreams normally take place when a person sleeps. At the same time, most of the content of the dreams often related to the topics stored in the memory. Science has so far no evidence for the reasons of dreams and the purpose of dreams. Moreover, it is difficult to judge that what subject may come in our dreams.

 For AMAS, the doctor takes a blood sample and takes it to the laboratory to screen for anti-malignin antibody (AMA).  Normally, the level of AMA increases in the presence of a cancer cell.  Since the serum level increases in patients with cancer, the use of this laboratory procedure is effective in detecting early signs of cancer.

The bacteria test negative to the Gram staining procedure because of the peculiarity of its cell membrane and other cytoarchitectural components. It has a rod-like shape and is a very important bacterium. Microbiologists and other scientists have ascribed so much importance to Escherichia coli because it is responsible for various diseases. 

The genus Hyracotherium lived during the lower to middle Eocene. It was a small dog-sized mammal with four toes on its forefeet and three on the rear. It had low-crowned teeth with horse-like ridged molars. The face was short with centred, forward facing eye sockets and a short distance between the front and cheek teeth. 

The biological basis of thought has often been a source of interest to scientists for a long time. Currently, such an understanding has been possible through brain mapping. Advances in brain mapping have contributed to the understanding of several psychological, surgical and anatomical problems in the brain, thus providing clues for improved management and prediction of treatment outcomes.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science clearly presented these words, “The use of animals continues to be essential…. In applied research with direct clinical applications in animals and humans.” Animals are used in psychological research because they assist in the better understanding of human psychological characteristics.

Klebsiella pneumoniae belong to Kingdom- Bacteria; Phylum- Proteobacteria; Class- Gamma Proteobacteria; Order- Enterobacteriales; Family- Enterobacteriaceae (Todar). It is a Gram-negative rod. The bacteria do not possess flagella and therefore not motile bacteria. It possesses a capsule and therefore it is encapsulated.

The Largemouth Bass, although not considered a great table fish, is the most popular of sport fish and are avidly pursued because of the excitement of their fight, often becoming airborne in their efforts to dislodge the hook. They are also one of the largest, attaining weights of up to as much as 10 pounds and in some instances double that with the US and World record standing at 22lb 4oz.

Genetic testing is quite different from other types of clinical tests. As clinical tests are quite sure about the disease that they tested for and sometimes the complete blood report identifies all the diseases a person has and tells the amount of glucose, the amount of white blood corpuscles, etc but the genetic test only predicts the disease that a person may have.

There is a negative correlation in penetrance of the bi-vulva mutation when lin-17 and lin-44 are combined. The polygenic factor, in this case, interacts to diminish the likelihood of expression. There appears to be a quantitative locus involved with this trait. 

This study showed that when biological parents had criminal tendencies and the adoptees exhibited more criminality as compared to when it was only the adopting parents who were parents. The criminality of biological parents affected the criminality of the adoptee but the criminality of the adoptive parent did not affect them as much 

McBane asserts in his article that British scientists have come up with a mechanism of treating diseases of children before they are born. The author also asserts that studies on animal species are promising, and they are an indication that it will be a success when applied to human subjects in clinical practice.

One of plant miRNA chains, called MIR168a, is produced by rice and abundantly found in the blood of the Chinese humans studied. Results of the experiments indicated that MIR168a showed the ability to affect gene expression in mouse, inhibiting the liver's ability to filter out LDL, the lipoprotein with the street name of bad cholesterol.

Prokaryotes had been first found around 3.5 billion years, which is just a billion years following the formation of the earth’s crust. Till today these life forms remain to be the most profuse ones, and since they have a very varied metabolism as compared to the eukaryotes, we can find a great many kinds of prokaryotic types.

What are some major accomplishments of exploration of oceans? Since the big surface of the earth comprises of beds of oceans, overwhelming information and knowledge are supposed to be explored and discovered for the benefits of human lives. This is the scope of coverage of discussion of this paper.

Many of the geothermal locations undersea have been stable over billions of years, and hence ancient life-forms have been preserved.  These life-forms have been very sensitive to any changes in the ocean environment, and hence human activity such as pollution, deep sea oil extraction, and mining, can destroy these life-forms

Placenta has two components a fetal part that develops from the chorionic sac (chorionic villi) and a maternal part that develops from the endometrium (decidua basalis). The development of the placenta begins after the cleavage of the zygote, which consists of repeated mitotic divisions and the ultimate formation of a blastocyst. 

The bird Night Heron is found across the world except for Australia and other cold regions. Historically, Black-crowned Night Heron is a common breeding species. By the end of the 19th century, this species was widely killed by men for its plumes as food. Once the plume sales were banned in New York in 1910, Night Heron populations quickly recovered.

The only difference between barnacles and the other arthropods is that the former have sessile species or species that cannot move from one place to another. Barnacles are both commensals and parasites. As commensals, barnacles usually benefit from their hosts by having a place to stay and being carried to nutrient-rich areas of the sea (“Hitchhiker”).

It has thick fur, long limbs, and big ears. It has sharp claws with five fingers to support climbing activities. They have sharp incisors which help them in grinding and chewing the food. A male Koala has a forked penis meant for reproduction, while a female Koala has two uterine forms (Martin, Roger and Handasyde 1999).

The researcher states that bilateria has a mesoderm, endo and also ectoderm. The branch is the protostomia’s within the infra kingdom ecdysozoa. The ecdysozoa is the largest group within the animal kingdom and includes the arthropods and the nematodes (Introduction). Furthermore, members of the bilateria subkingdom are bilaterally symmetrical with a left and right side to their body.

The gas forms inside the body. The bacterial growth happens in a fresh surgical wound or a site of physical injury. Bacteria produce gas and hazardous toxins (called Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin) that ruin tissues, blood vessels and cells (Hart, Lamb, and Strauss.). There are3 intrinsic conditions that contribute to tissue gas. 

This criterion is therefore misplaced in the current position. Despite the first question stating the position of a hole in the object, the second criterion relating to the object having holes, the criterion does not specify the location of the holes.

Agar depth, the volume of antibiotics on disk, and the presence of cations each can modify the effective antibiotic concentration to which the plated bacteria are ultimately exposed to. On the other hand, differences in inoculum size vary considerably from the number of bacteria loaded onto the plate.

These categories, although at times considered biologically influenced, are likewise social and cultural constructs. While both race and ethnicity are influenced by certain biological elements to some degree, still, race and ethnicity are considered social constructs in that the biological influence that appeals to these categories.

It has a characteristic oscillation motion in which they are relatively straight in forwarding stroke but curved during the return stroke. This movement propels the cell perpendicular to the orientation of the cilia. In contrast, the longer flagellum, usually one or two, moves in an undulating manner, moving successive waves from the base to the tip in the process.

The most species-rich, largest, and ecologically significant heterotrophs are composed of distributed networks that do not have specialized centers, as exemplified by the vast mycelial networks of fungi (Dussutour et al. 2010). This fact is critical information on how distributed systems are able to maintain an optimal supply of multiple nutrients which are important to life and reproduction.

A literature review on such alternative sources of energy revealed that microbial fuel cells, which employ microorganisms to biodegrade pollutants from the environment to generate electricity, are a novel method of reclaiming natural resources along with providing a new means of generating energy.

Sex-linked genes can be defined as genes that are unique to the sex chromosomes and are, therefore, carried in the sex chromosomes. Men are homozygous in that they have only one X chromosomes. Both men and women will inherit the X linked characteristics as they both inherit the X chromosomes while only men will inherit the Y linked chromosomes.

Interestingly, professional organizations such as the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) now give more value to the primary and secondary prevention programs of diabetes mellitus than in the past decades. In facilitating information dissemination about these prevention programs, this paper will review pertinent information about diabetes mellitus, including its causes and mechanism.

Despite the size, they still contain all structural elements necessary for their survival and multiplication. Because they are smaller in size, they possess bigger surface area to volume ratio. They also reproduce asexually that is through binary fusion or bidding. Prokaryotes may be considered to be simple organisms. 

In biology, enzymes are classified as catalysts. The absence of enzymes in any cell means than many biochemical reactions would not occur at the expected rate. The biochemical and the physiochemical reactions of enzymes have been advanced from the early 1800s as a result of the interest in the enzyme dynamism, selectivity, catalytic power and their function in the cell.

Starting from around 2000 hours, our brains are exhausted and full of so many ideas. A tired brain will always have problems in remembering and connecting ideas. That is the nights before sleep we have little concentrations and takes a lot of time to solve a simple thing as the mathematical test (Cooper 13).

Open book fractures are caused by the application of a heavy force at the pubis (groin) area. This type of injury is characterized by the separation of the right and the left halves of the pelvis, at the rear and the front: the opening at the front is usually bigger than that at the rear, making the area appear like an open book. This injury is common among the victims of motorcycle accidents.

The HIV-2 is less pathogenic in humans and its cases have been reported in Western Africa and India. HIV-2 replicates and forms persistent viraemia when introduced into yellow baboons. A recent report showed that three of five baboons infected with HIV-2 had a low CD4 cell count and a pathology similar to AIDS.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is protected by the cranium and the vertebral column and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain integrates sensory information and coordinates body functions while the spinal cord enables the transmission of signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

The term coloration as is applied in biological studies refers to the visual appearance that is observed with regard to the color variations and the arrangement of colors. Reptiles, just as mammals have their skins exemplify certain similar traits to the mammals and other traits are different. Particularly, the skin of reptiles is comprised of two layers; dermis and the epidermis.

Hailey and Hailey disease is also known as familial benign pemphigus. It is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance. Two-third of the patients with the disease have a family history of the disorder. This gene is responsible for controlling the concentrations of calcium ions in the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasm. 

Members of the Zingiberaceae such as Curcuma Longa accumulate elevated levels in their rhizomes, significant pharmacologically vigorous metabolites that emerge to result from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Curcuma Longa is a perennial herb that is distributed throughout tropical and some sub-tropical regions of the world such as China and India.

These findings have been published in the Journal of Proteome Research. This research initiative has been sponsored by the Nordic Centre of Excellence and the Danish Council for Strategic Research. The whey protein enhances body metabolism and helps eliminate insulin resistance thus, lowering blood sugar. 

 When a contraction of the heart takes place, blood is sailed into the primary loops and circles. When blood is in the regular flow, the body is fully oxygenated including all tissues (Agustine 2000).  Carbon dioxide is also collected in order for excretion. The two systems of the circulatory have different functions (Agustine 2000).

Perpetual-motor synergies offer a simplification of computational difficulties in motor control. The coordination of numerous freedom degrees within the body presents challenging problems due to the tremendous complexities in the motor system and the difference in levels of the organization can occur.