Macro & Microeconomics Essays

The Civil war and the period of Reconstruction was arguably the most turbulent period and triggered a number of changes that conclusively shaped American society. Symbols of uncertainty like slavery, national supremacy and national supremacy were demolished and a period of uncertainty and chaos that had gripped the USA for more than 80 years was decisively put to rest.

The author states that monetary policy attempts to influence demand for products by increasing and decreasing short-term interest rates charged to banks for Federal Funds. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the group within the Fed that meets several times a year to adjust the interest rates.

Scotland is a country, situated in northwest Europe, and it consists of the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Scotland is a part of the United Kingdom or the U.K. It is neighbored with England from the south, and the North Sea from the east, the Atlantic Ocean from the north and west, and North Channel and the Irish Sea from the southwest.

The recession weakened the ability of lenders to meet the demand for loans, especially without security. The economic downturn brought about financial difficulties in SMEs and at the same time, lenders could not guarantee access to additional funds. Some of the SMEs were forced to shut due to financial difficulties and bankruptcy.

With the expansion in the economy, on one hand, FDI has remained successful in providing full-fledged investment support to the East Asian countries, while on the other hand, FDI has created a vacuum for the European states particularly in the area of labor. In this essay, we would be examining the following details along with the reason why FDI occurs usually in MNCs.

The author states that for both companies, control programs and effective control techniques are important because they determine the overall health, productivity, and performance of the organizations and financial resources. Financial health and high revalues are crucial elements for every for-profit organization.

GDP also fails to include all the production in the economy since its computation does not take into account production outside formal marketplaces such as underground market, unpaid housework, childcare, and even volunteer work. Also, GDP does not consider changes in leisure which directly accounts the opportunity cost of work.

In the market, the free trade good cost goes higher at the same time the price of the domestic producer becomes cheaper. Due to this reason, the flooding of foreign goods happens. the various measures that a government undertakes are as follows subsidies this is made to protect the existing business from the risk change of the cost of the labors and the materials.

The number of authorized banks in the UK totaled to about 690 in 2004. Although the number of UK incorporated banks declined over the past decade there was an increase in their average size and financial strength. The total number of authorized banks increased due to the growing presence of European Economic Areabanks.

The Saskatoon berries are Native American produce which is often traded in dried, canned or frozen form. The product is a very profitable one, with increasing demand in the international market for the wild tasting organic produce. “Investment in human capital through education and training is the key ingredient to innovation”.

The reasons have ranged from low levels of education and an untrained workforce to the spike in petroleum prices that began in 1973. Most economists that have examined this problem have attempted to find a single suspect or a magic bullet. However, the case is much more complex than that.

Although SME liquidity information at a Chinese level is not available, it is compiled for certain countries. In China, franchising has played an important role in the development and expansion of businesses for many years. For example, the number of business format franchisors has grown from 909 in 1990 to over 3,080 in 2000.

At the end of the nineties, many economic researchers attempted to access the role of the huge enterprises plaid in the accumulation of the capital in the national economy; most of the researchers agreed that large conglomerations created national capital there were some controversies surrounding the efficiency of the internal market capital.

Over the last five years, US natural gas markets have known three major price shocks and have continued to present extremely high volatility. In the past sudden increases in the prices of oil have been followed by a sharp increase in inflation, followed by a recession. Again there has been a sharp rise in the prices of oil and it is necessary to understand what effects this can have on the economy and take corrective action where possible and required.

For a society to exist it has to be made up of a population which shares a terrain and culture and often this population tends to be very large and made up several generations. Each and every society has its individual traditions and ethnicity, that is what makes up its particular culture. The religion is one of the chief elements of a society’s culture.

There are numerous factors that influence the flow of capital resources into host countries however within the current scope of this study emphasis will be placed on the specific influence that exchange rates with regards to the rise and fluctuations across the international capital market have on investment activities across the world.

“From the 1980s to the present day, there has been an increasingly rapid globalization of the world economy. Globalization may be defined as the increased integration of national economies into global, rather than national markets, prompted by liberalized capital flows, liberalized trade flows, significant advances in information technology..."

His theory, when broached to the president of the US at that time, Roosevelt, was referred to as to easy. But its simplicity does not detract from its viability. And a later president stated that the American government and business were all Keynesian practitioners. In his book The General Theory of Employment, Keynes described involuntary unemployment.

If the price of raw materials is going to increase like this then people are more likely to settle to other products for eating and will ignore these products that are available in the market at higher rates even though they are available in proper hygienic format with the application of world standards in their manufacturing. (Sloman, 2001) 

For this assignment, we select Afforestation of surplus agricultural land as our major project, which deals with planting of trees on land that did not carry forest for centuries, i.e. Afforestation is a clear shift in land use of a certain area.

In addition to these layoffs, both General Motors and Ford have planned for multiple plant closures and the selling off of controlling shares of assets or subsidiaries in their ongoing struggle toward profitability. These announcements come as a blow to the tenuous economic recovery of the United States.

If the cost of machinery and fertilizers go down, farmers will make more profits because of the reduced cost of production. If the farming industry is highly competitive such that we have free entry and exit into the industry. This incentive of extra profits would attract others to engage in farming. As a result of the expansion of the number of firms, there would be an increased supply of agricultural products.

As the paper declares the Neoclassical growth model is a model of economic growth that focuses on income derived from neoclassical production function.  These functional properties are diminishing returns to savings and capital accumulation.  Technical progress acts to increase output the same as increased labor would.

Comparative advantage exists when a country has a margin of superiority in the production of a good or service. It is in the interests of all economies to engage in international trade insofar as they all must have a comparative advantage in producing particular goods while also experiencing comparative disadvantage in producing others.

The result of all this is the debt of financial sector has risen sharply from (Calbreath, 2008). It now stands at 74 percent higher than it was in 2000 and 10 times higher than in 1980. Quoting the figures from the Office for National Statistics, Monaghan (2009) indicated that the GDP figures recorded a dip of 1.5 percent in the final quarter of 2008. 

Held and McGrew (2002) review several definitions for globalisation and emphasise that while all are accurate, few capture the complexity of the phenomenon and therefore, do not comprehensively define globalisation.

Recuperating the living standards, conditions, and patterns of individuals are the plausible measures that can be adopted for improving the living standards of the people of a nation. Provision of a broader range of economic opportunities to them can also contribute in reducing the inequality among the society.

A major difficulty in comparing the intelligence of man with that of dolphins is the fact that we have evolved into two such different environments. The so-called "environment fa 

Economics gets an all-important slot everywhere. Nation wise or even internationally all important policies and decisions anchor upon Economics. Whether it's war policy or food policy, Economics plays a role in it. It's the duty of Economists to study the economic viability and impacts of major policies and policy changes. 

The introduction of the Euro in the year 1999 signaled the economic integration of the European countries. Prior to its launch, there were ambiguities but after the launch, all the issues quickly disappeared and Euro within no time became a favorite among the citizens residing in European Countries. Roughly around 320 million European citizens use the currency.

The author showed evidence to support his argument that the recent housing market boom bears many similarities to the stock market bubble of the late 1990s, and may eventually be followed by declining home prices for years to come. All this information helped me understand the real estate market more clearly. 

According to the report the Delaware (USA) version was crafted by the Board of International Accounting Standards in Delaware, USA. This operating and financial review report system governs the accounting procedures1 for issuance of the operating2 and financial review. Use of business of the Delaware version is voluntary.

The author states that in consistence with this conventional idea, in 2006, the efforts of King Adulyadej of Thailand were duly recognized by the United Nations. This particular program centers on people’s way of life. It is practically focused on the advancement of the populace, their attenuation from dearth, and salvaging the environs.

Generally, deflation is a decline in the price level in an economy; it is a reverse of inflation1. Some of its effects are: increase in fixed nominal income, growth of savings because of the reduced prices, and gains to creditors. A deflationary gap exists where the economy has insufficient demand to generate or stimulate full employment equilibrium

In order to achieve its objectives of enhanced global commerce and competition through trade liberalization, the WTO must help improve the political atmosphere for further liberalization. Governments should be engaging in less promise of job increases as a result of trade liberalization but should inform the public about the lasting increase.

In ordinary language, inflation means a process of rising prices. A situation is described as inflationary when either the prices or the supply of money are rising . In other words, we can say “Too much money chasing too few goods”. Therefore, inflation is a state of an economy in which the value of money is falling i.e. prices are rising.

The healthcare and drug industry is unique from others because environmental conditions directly influence the nature of ailments and, to some degree, the susceptibility and responsiveness of people to drug types. Intimate knowledge and awareness of the host-environment directly correlate to a pharmaceutical company’s ability to deliver.

The growth of the economy has slackened drastically (Ramin, 2004). The economy, with a rapidly expanding population, has experienced a marked decline in investment, low labour productivity, a widening trade gap, a fast accumulation of debt and, above all, a sharp decline in the standard of living. What are the determinants of economic performance?

It further assumes that Israel would not take up any activity that would hinder economic growth in Palestine. The current economic scenario in Palestine is not very encouraging. In the second quarter of 2007, the GDP of Palestine grew by 6.5%. The largest increases in gross value added were registered in the sectors.

The author asks scientists to become more rational in dealing with crisis and strike a balance between two extremes. On one side, some scientists ask to tie hands and stop the economic progress, while others advocate progress at the cost of destroying the environment.  The article overall is balanced and well written and shows the grasp of the author from a different perspective.

John Kenneth Galbraith, a noted American economist, a prolific author and a scholar proposed in his book The Affluent Society that in advanced market-societies, many consumers’ wants and demands are created by large corporate firms and are thus artificial. This statement was in departure to the theory of consumer demand and behavior.

There are now a growing number of examples that support the potential role of FDIs in improving the economic situation of poor nations and developing countries. Africa especially is an area of interest since it has shown enormous growth in recent years due to FDI than any other effort that has been carried out in the past.

Most of the decision models are formulated in terms of mathematical symbols and relations. Mathematics gives precision which is important in decisions. Decisions have to be precise and sharp. To the extent that the economic decisions are measurable and quantifiable, the use of mathematics is acceptable. Symbols and numbers alone do not suffice; additionally, the logic of reasoning behind those numbers and symbols is also required.

Perhaps the foremost social responsibility levied upon private and public credit providing organization in recent decades is the adoption of fair and just supply of credit to the consumers. This responsibility is being increasingly codified in law and various governmental orders. Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive.

Attached you will find the evaluation of the foreign currency regimes utilized by some of the major countries in the Asian region. Australia and Indonesia operate on a free-floating regime, whereas Hong Kong is pegged at a fixed rate to the US dollar and China and Malaysia operate a managed float system.

In this article, it is found that the government and other traditional sectors are running short of labor. The scarcity has been brought about by the natural gas and oil boom. The laborers are forgoing other business jobs and offer oil jobs. In this case, there is scarcity in labor and the opportunity cost is the labor to be offered in other sectors of the economy.

The Keynesian theory suggests that the fiscal and monetary policy can be used to stabilise the economy while taking into consideration the type and extent of the problem needs to be addressed and the level of measure needs to be taken. These policy measures can lead to a higher price level in the absence of policy changes.

As such market structure refers to the state of market or an industry with respect to competition (Market Structure 1).Market structure is important in determining the degree of competition in an industry thereby enabling us to know how this rivalry affects a customer.

International Financial Institutions like the World Bank and the IMF etc. extensively extends aid to the underdeveloped countries. Apart from international institutions, some developed countries such as the USA and UK, etc. also provide financial assistance to poor countries such as Ghana and Nepal, etc. for the promotion of economic development.

The Gross Domestic Product seeks to measure the sum of incomes received by the different types of sectors of the economy, from manufacturing and wholesale to agriculture and service industries. In most developed countries, this national data is published and revised every three months by the National Statistics Office.