Psychology Essays

Cognitive mapping is a process composed of several psychological changes by which a person obtains, codes, stores, remember, and decodes information concerning the attributes of phenomena and relative locations in his daily spatial environment. It is most successful when utilized in the structuring of sophisticated issues and appraisal of decision-making.

Associative learning happens when people or animals connect stimuli with responses (Lilienfeld et al., 2010, p. 182). These responses to stimuli can be removed, however, through the process of extinction. Extinction demonstrates that learned responses that are not reinforced right away will slowly lose its impact on animal/human behaviors (Lilienfeld et al., 2010, p.

Learning has been defined by Hardy and Heyes (2000; 34) as “a relatively permanent change in attitude, perception and behavior as a result of experience”. This definition emphasizes the long term value of learning and also that it occurs due to either one or more experiences that the person has in their lives.

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for bulimia indicates that cognitive factors play significant role in the maintenance of bulimia. As Trompeter (2006) points out, CBT as a treatment for bulimia targets cognitive abnormalities as well as abnormal behaviour in patients suffering from bulimia.

The paper presents relevant case facts that enable us to make an assessment of whether Robert has been able to successfully hurdle the developmental challenges that are inherent in the second stage, and the general assessment is that Robert has largely failed. A telling sign is Robert’s inability to successfully become toilet trained in an independent fashion.

The diagnostic tools of emotional maltreatment have a shortcoming as they have failed to accommodate the diverse magnitudes of emotional abuse, rather than employing a holistic approach. As a result, some dimensions of emotional abuse are disregarded or simply not given the attention they deserve.

Adolescents are particularly prone to commit suicide because of the immaturity of their coping mechanisms. While women are more prone to attempt suicide when under extreme emotional distress, methods used by men are more fatal. The most common method used by women in committing suicide is overdosing on drugs while men use guns and bladed weapons. 

Attitudes refer to the beliefs and opinions that people form about everything that is in their environment including other people and the events in their vicinity. Attitudes are relative and therefore change during subsequent interactions with the people and the events. Attitudes influence the relationship between people for the perceived people or events.

Whereas it is the role of the counselor to assist the individual with their psychological health at each and every juncture, confidentiality is also a primary goal that must be implemented. However, there are some conflicting issues that will be discussed in depth in this analysis.

Delusion and hallucinations are categorized under positive symptoms of schizophrenia and these are not related to the normal mental makeup of the individual. On the other hand, negative symptoms correspond to discrepancies in normal activities comprising rounded influence, impecunious language, antisocial conduct, and reduced enthusiasm.

They are also defined as a category to which subjects compare items when judging category membership or as the internal structure of the type described by subjects’ judgments of the degree to which members fit their “idea or image” of the category. Then prototypes should coincide rather than conflict with cue validity.

This paper is a discussion of issues related to positive psychology. Positive psychology is concerned with the well being of individuals and how they can overcome the factors that influence them into negative experiences, which is a barrier to achieving happiness.

A Critical Analysis of a Cognitive Behavioral Assessment. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a mode of psychology treatment and assessment that involves referral to the innermost emotions that a particular subject has regarding a particular issue and at a given setting.

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) is now more commonly referred to as dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to the manual of the American Psychiatric Association (1994), it has been explained as “the disconnection or lack of integration between the normally integrated functions of memory, identity or consciousness.

However, for one to become famous, there are various characteristics that he or she must exhibit in order to gain widespread appreciation or dissent. It may be worth noting that it is not always that people will be considered famous for doing positive things as fame emanates from a show of uniqueness and persistence in what one does. For

According to the author, there are many similarities between the normal psychological state of dreaming and the abnormal psychological state of psychosis. As the topic of the journal article clearly suggests, there are many similarities between dreaming and psychosis. In both conditions, the person experiences bizarreness of mental state, feelings and experiences.

The paper is a proposal for a pretend class that I would be giving to college students on the stress-reliving skill called visualization. I would be the instructor for this class which will be held for one hour a week for eight consecutive weeks. Space for the class will be provided by the college. The students will be educated free of cost.

 There are a large number of people who are suffering from some sort of disabilities such as learning or communication difficulties, physical disablements, intellectual or mental disorders, behavior or emotional disturbances, and development challenges.  

Dr. Phil McGraw is a popular media personality (and a doctor of psychology) who is known for his direct manner of giving advice which may be interpreted as being “straight-talk”, though it can also come off as theatrical (which is appropriate since Dr. Phil is an entertainer and is not currently a practicing psychologist).

Treatment evaluation involves the assessment of the treatment needed by the patient who is addicted to drugs, while the provision of the treatment involves the actual delivery of the same the healthcare provider has assessed the patient to need. The latter also involves detoxification procedures and any other assistance.

The therapist is in a constant state of alertness in gaining information and insight about the client while providing the necessary service expected of him. The whole session becomes a learning and reflective experience altogether. After the session, the therapist reflects on whether what he has done was the right thing to do for the client or not.

Mental health is related to cognition and emotional happiness. For a person to be mentally or psychologically healthy denotes that he does not suffer from any mental disorders. Mental health directly affects our everyday life, relationships with those around us and even greatly influences our physical well-being.

Upon using the DSM IV classification of depression in the case study, it is evident that Ms A has more than one of the outlined symptoms. Firstly, she complained of nervousness and worries every time her husband travels, especially when he left for three months. Also, Ms A has insomnia as she asserts having difficulty sleeping.

The study concludes strongly that according to the findings, there is a strong and vibrant pro-Aspie movement, which is in part developing and growing because of the new internet technology. The findings also pointed out that the themes in blogs written by parents and caregivers always emphasize different views written by those with AS.

The people around him were substantial components of Afro’s immediate environment. His father was part of his environment. In fact, the very symptom showing that Afro acquired such violent behavior from his immediate environment was his ability to wear the same type of clothing his father was also dressing in.

Human nature can be troubled with many kinds of problems including emotional and psychological ones. Behavioral modification practices and personal–relevance theories are the two extremes of the ‘behavior science spectrum; these social sciences attempt to describe, explain and change the behavior of humankind and individuals.

We learn our basic values from our families, from proper toilet training, to washing the dishes, and making friends instead of foes, and we die with our families grieving and mourning while we are headed to our final destination.

Human functioning presents complex relationships among various psychological orientations, which have to bring together the affective, behavioral, cognitive as well as physiological systems within an individual during a counseling session. The counselor has also to be aware of the transpersonal and social environment in which the individual operates, all of which contribute to human development.

The paper seeks to answer the question: How does conventionality affect deeds? In such a circumstance, where a person wishes to fit in a convinced group (like in the case of normative sway), this individual would go to the tremendous measures in the array to belong to the cluster. An entity would be equipped to even do effects that he/she would not usually do or that is adjacent to his/her beliefs.

Situational awareness plays the most crucial role in driving safety, be it a pilot flying a jet, a technician lifting logs with a crane, or an ordinary citizen going to his office in a car. The term situational awareness or SA revolves around cognitive processing activities governing the dynamics, event-driven activities, and fields that involve multitasking.

They were later brought their meals. Morning due medications were then administered with each nurse checking that the patient would actually take the medication/s. Scheduled activities with the patients were then carried out. These activities included exercises and games.

Psychoanalytic theory is one of the oldest theories that can be associated with therapy. The most famous psychoanalyst is, of course, Freud, but the theory has developed and diversified since its origins. It is a deterministic theory, in that it suggests that humans develop along lines that are not necessarily logical or rational.

The history of job dates back to the time God placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, where He commanded Adam that he would only be able to eat from his sweat. Since then, humans have always had to work hard to earn income with which to use to fulfill personal needs, social responsibility and to support dependents.

The paper attempts to explicitly relate the applicability of the principle of Lifespan psychology to these programs, analyses and presents research related to these programs. Introduction Lifespan forms a family of perspectives rather than a single theory unified.

What role did Maurice Papon play in the World War II in French collective memory? Maurice Papon was born in third September 1910 in Gretz-Armainvilliers and died on 17th February 2007. He was a French citizen who became a businessperson then later joined police and rose through ranks until he became a cabinet minister.

Women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia tend to show physical aggression and are less empathetic. Dominance and assertiveness, however, are not dependent on prenatal testosterone. Some other features like performance in arithmetic tests, visuo-spacial performance, mental rotations, perceptual speed, or verbal fluency are also not dependent on hormones.

The study leads to the conclusion that corporal punishment is indeed not to be allowed as the method of disciplining children at home and at school. There are a number of reasons for this. First, there is no much documented evidence on its advantages. Second, corporal punishment will probably cause several psychological problems in the child later in life.

Gender discrimination, however, has significantly reduced in the past decade due to countless motions and operations that have reduced the levels of gender-based discrimination. Descriptive gender stereotypes are the characterization of male and female individuals in regards to their ordinary behavior and tendencies.

According to the site, it takes a masteral degree, specialist or pursuing a doctorate program to become a psychologist with appropriate license or certification to be sought (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). In addition, the outlook for the profession is deemed bright and optimistic given that “employment of psychologists is expected to grow 22 percent from 2010 to 2020, faster than the average for all occupations.

Life is a journey. Once a journey, it has a starting date, a departure point, a route, a destination, and an ending date. Life as a journey is not stable but full of changes. Along the way, the journey may get slow whiles at some point, it gets fast. Certain things on the way along the journey are fascinating whiles others are fun to see, yet others are awful.

With the passage of time, the divorce rate has accelerated to a great extent. Experiments and observations have revealed that emotional adjustment of children, their gender role orientation and anti-social behavior are strongly affected by the family size and structure. The impact on the pre-school children depends upon the level of family conflict.

This paper will expansively present her contribution to the field of psychology. Psychoanalysis is an integral part of psychology; Anna Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis in children. The same is used to diagnose psychological problems in children, for instance a child who behaves violently with his peers would be diagnosed by using psychoanalysis in children and a solution to his problems would be found out.

Childhood attachment is an important aspect in the field of psychology that helps individuals learn the importance of developing relationships from an early age. The sub-discipline of child psychology plays an important role in helping individuals understand the very first type of emotional attachment that human beings form.

It's clear that the psychodynamic approach refers to a psychological approach that aims at exploring the manner in which the human mind, particularly the unconscious section of the mind is responsible for people’s everyday behavior. Freud was the pioneer of this approach, and he was of the opinion that behavior is influenced primarily by past experiences.

In the given case, the tone was highly coercive and accusatory. Furthermore, the lenient promises made by the detectives were not only false but also defined the criteria for Michael regarding what is an acceptable answer that can save him from severe punishment.

Stress management approaches can be either biological or psychological with the aim of lessening the negative effects brought about by stress. Stress has been known to have major impacts on the person involved although some positive effects do surface because of stress; the most worrying are the negative ones.

The appropriate diagnosis of autism involves evaluation of three areas that include analyzing a child’s shared social interactions, language and communication (Acton, 2012). Exhibition of restricted or repetitive patterns, in areas of interest and behavior, are also characteristic indicators of the probable development of autism.

They affect perceptions, thoughts, and actions. The intriguing aspect of these effects is that they occur without the person’s knowledge. For the most part, people do not know the true explanation for their behavior because the actions of the psyche are so automatic that the untrained individual is unable to witness them.

In a recent study, it was revealed that most of the adolescents who committed suicide had their first attempt prior to entering high school. In a parallel result, it revealed that there was a peak increase on suicidal cases on ages 12, most probably on a sixth grade, and 9th grade to be two of the most critical points.

The concept of consciousness psychology was attributed to a subjective nature, which did not auger well with the progress of the field of psychology (Watson, 1913). In addition, the concept required some introspective methods, which were highly unreliable.