Biology Essays

The paper will discuss how the constant improvement of diagnostic techniques drives improvements in our understanding and treatment of disease processes with a specific focus on diseases like cancer, Aids, and diabetes. Traditional cancer diagnostic techniques included ‘assessment of histologic appearance, identification of specific tumor subtypes, tumor grading, assessment of lymph node status.

From the practical conducted, it is clear that blowflies lay their eggs on decaying material, such as the carcasses of dead animals. Larvae hatch from eggs and this is a temperature-dependent process. Larvae – the maggots - have an outer cuticle and an inner epithelial basement membrane (Sawin, Harris, Campos, & Sokolowski, 1994, p. 353).

Giardiasis is a common illness caused by a parasite that may result in diarrhea and stomach cramps. The Giardia parasite can spread through contaminated water, food, and surfaces, and from contact with someone who has it. Antibiotics can treat giardiasis.

This is a fact that has been proven otherwise and a new scientific name suggested as Rhinella marina. However, regardless of the name, cane toads remain among the largest species in the Bufonidae family. Adult cane toads are heavily built with an average weight of about 2.9 pounds and they grow to a length of about 12 cm (National Geographic, n.d).

Sago starch is derived from the pith of tropical palm trees. It is produced from trees whose fruit has not fully ripened. Ripening exhausts the starch from the tree. Trees that produce sago starch are cut down when they are 15 years old before flowering. Sago palm is not a reliable source of starch (Brown, 2007).

There is a big difference between learning from the class and practical. While classroom learning is sometimes boring, practical is more fun and makes a student understand real life better. This is one reason that made me choose Marine Biology since the class trips are a must for the students taking the class.

Among the regions they habit include Asia, South and Central America including the state of Texas among many others. The region has a cool and wet climate that ranges from extremely cold winters and warm and humid summers all of which are conducive for the growth of the plant.

We also get to understand the very basics about lioness behavior regarding cubs, and why Elsa probably wouldn’t have survived in the wild. This is that lionesses usually only have two cubs, whom she stays with for the first two years of life. The mother lioness provides food for her young in the form of regurgitated meat in the first year of life, and, in the second year of life, the lioness allows her young to participate in hunting.

More specifically, it comprises of action potential recordings and cortical cell postsynaptic potentials. The potential of various cells is measured at similar times. The neuron potential in the brain can differ as emotional, mental function, and physiological state.

The author states that in adults, the normal MVC is 83-101fL. A high MVC may result from abnormalities of the bone marrow, chronic lung disease and nutritional deficiencies and all this may indicate that the patient is anemic. A low count on MVC on the other hand may be a s a result of bone marrow disorder.

Consequent studies have established that EBV is the contributory agent in large cases of infectious mononucleosis. Studies reveal that infectious mononucleosis (IM) is also caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). This virus belongs to the group of herpesvirus called as Herpesviridae.

Such compounds are the basis for characterization for these microorganisms. The effects of these compounds are different to species that have come into contact with them. This roughly explains the type of microorganism. From the standpoint of causing harm to the host, microorganisms can be described as pathogenic-those that cause diseases or non pathogenic-those that do not.

Biotechnology is the use of biological systems to synthesize products, which improve the quality of life. Scientists have divided this branch of science into four main sub-disciplines; red, white, green, and blue. Insulin can be synthesized technologically. During the biotechnological production of insulin, scientists extract messenger RNA (m RNA) from a minced-up sample of the human pancreas.

It can be rich or poor in nutrition. On the other hand, a meal is composed of a mix of foods, it has better quantities of nutrients as compared to snacks and they take time preparing it (Mark, W, & Peter, S, 2005). Nutritionally, snacks are more fattened and may involve fruit or bread whereas a meal requires cooking.

DNA is y a double helix and it is made up of two strands of genetic material which is spiraled around one another. Chemically DNA structure of everyone is the same however the order of base pairs differs in human beings and animals. There are many different base pairs in a human being and these base pairs are used for identification of people.

The republic of Costa Rica is a country located in Central America and has a total area of approximately 50,900 km2. A report in 1993, the republic had a population of about 3.22 million of which the male comprised of 1.63 million while the females were about 1.59 million.

an mRNA transcript? Explanation: The first codon, or the initiation code, is the signal for the protein synthesis to start. The last codon, or the termination code, signals the end of the protein synthesis. The initiation code is basically AUG while the termination code is usually UAG, UAA or UGA (Kimball, 2010).

Emerging illness is a phrase that has been utilized with augmenting occurrence to delineate the appearance of an unidentified contagion or a beforehand identified contagion that expanded to a new ecological niche or a geographical area (Howard & Fletcher, 2012).

The deficiency of this hormone ultimately affects adrenal glands and is of congenital etiology. This pathological defect is responsible for the cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The disease is autosomal recessive and leads to the impairment of cortisol synthesis, which takes place in the cortex of the adrenal gland.

Toxicity screening for the myriad of compounds developed and released annually to the public has come a long way since the concept has been developed. For a much longer time, animal models were mostly used in these screenings due to their short lifespans and quicker response to the toxic substances, which are easier to observe in comparison with human subjects (Sass, 2000).

However what was remarkable about Dolly was that she was a clone of her six year old mother sheep. Dolly was the first successful experiment of a mammal being cloned. There had been various attempts made at cloning animals, however without success. The success of cloning Dolly therefore was a significant achievement for scientists as it showed the world that cloning of animals was no longer a dream but a reality (Spangenburg, Moser and Moser 7).

The Lungs: Anatomy, Physiology and Diseases. The lungs are the respiratory organs of the body. They are two in number and are located within the protective rib cage of the thorax. The surface of the lungs is covered by a serous membrane called the pleura.

The article describes the condition of Ryan Clark, safety of Pittsburgh Steelers and the reason why he has been restricted from playing in the upcoming game against the Denver Broncos. The writer has described the limitations a professional player has to face because of sickle cell trait and has also highlighted the underlying pathology of the blood disorder.

S. aureus has a very vast and major disease spectrum which includes skin and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, sepsis, muscle and visceral abscesses, pleural empyema, bloodstream infections, endocarditis and toxin-mediated syndromes such as scalded-skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning (Crossley et al 272).

This process is called fertilization and it takes place in the female fallopian tube. The fallopian tube is part of the female reproductive organ that connects the ovary with the uterus (womb). Fetal development, however, starts after fertilization and it takes approximately nine months before a fully grown baby is born.

In byline, the author of the article, Daniel Needleman, has said that experimentation has been able to understand the difference that exists in this cell division phenomenon among the animals. This difference is found out to reside on the chromosomal and molecular level rather than on a higher-level view.

The butchery is a leading retail outlet and a variety of meat products are available: beef, lamb, poultry, sausages, burgers, bacon and gammon. These meat is highly susceptible to microbial contamination hence the need for strict compliance with food safety regulations.

The alternative hypothesis in this experiment is that trait variation such as; speed can be the main factor in predation to determine the natural selection of woodlice. The null hypothesis is that the trait variation cannot be a factor of predation alone as also the type of predator affects the population of woodlice too. 

This paper then will discuss three pollution simulations on smoke, trash and energy by providing decisions to address management issues and analyze these decisions through Effect Prism. Also, the paper will provide the rationale of the decision, its effectivity and its benefits.

In the United States, statistics indicate that the presence of bacteria, bacteremia and the presence of fungi, fungemia, is observed in the blood of more than 250,000 people annually. These conditions also result in about 50,000 deaths annually. It is only via the rapid and accurate isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests that lifesaving nursing measures may be initiated (Gross, p.

The disease is also known as malignant neoplasm since the cells grow continuously without control forming malignant tumours (Wolinsky, Colson and Grinstaff 2012, p.444). Cancer cell fail to follow the normal cell cycle, whereby after sometime the cell needs to die, a process called apoptosis (Blanco Hsiao, Mann, Landry, Meric-Bernstam and Ferrari 2011, p.342).

Biological research of the mechanism of sex determination and gender based differentiation has been studied extensively owing to which two mechanisms are brought forwards- presence of heteromorphic sex chromosome and temperature dependent sex determination (TSD).

However, the process of degradation and interface between the two organisms are yet to be established. Romani et al. conducted a study to compare the growth, enzyme production and synergistic or antagonistic interactions by both organisms (2006). The research was done with fungi and a bacterial colony inoculated on Phragmite leaves, which were either sterilized or non-sterilized.

Most closely associated with the caudate nucleus is the putamen, which is inferolateral to it. These two structures are collectively called the striatum, and inferior to them are the other parts of the basal ganglia: globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra. The graph shows the average concentration (mM) of four candidate HD indicators (1-4).

It is situated in the western portion of Sumatra. All of these sites are distinct from each other in terms of the ecological properties and the typology of the ecosystem that they support. The northern province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam has the Gunung Leuser National Park, the south-central portion of Sumatra has the Kerinci Sablat Park and the far southern part has the presence of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (Marshall, Jones & Wrangham, 2010).

The cell nucleus is often referred to as the ‘brains’ of the cell, as it contains most of the genetic material needed for cell function. This genetic material (mostly DNA) is incredibly compact within the nucleus, as all the relevant information for any cell needs to fit within this small area (Campbell & Reece, 2005).

The author states that respiratory system comprises of the nasal passages, larynx, the pharynx, the trachea, bronchi and the lungs. On the other hand, ventilation describes the inhalation and exhalation processes. It refers to breathing process. In inhalation, lungs are inflated with air that brings oxygen into the body.

Stage 3 is the delivery of the placenta, which occurs some minutes after the birth of the baby. This happens with some uterine contractions, which are mild and not painful, pushing the placenta out. The woman may not feel the delivery of the placenta, because all her concentration might be on the newborn instead of on herself.

If the hydrological cycles continue to run without any disruption while supporting profuse biological diversity, it means that environmental sustainability is prevailing successfully. “Environmental science is applied to both the proactive and restorative aspects of environmental sustainability” (Fletcher n.p.).  

The wildlife of Libya spreads over the Mediterranean coastline, which comprises large areas of Saharan desert. The protected areas of Libya comprises any geographical protected for specific use. Many protected areas are meant for conservation of fauna and flora.

The interruption of person-to-person transmission of poliomyelitis by vaccination is the primary goal of global polio vaccination. Polio vaccine has eliminated polio from most countries around the world and reduced the worldwide incidence from approximately three and fifty thousand in 1988 to two hundred and twenty-three cases in 2012.

The numbers of endangered animals begin to diminish. These species face the danger of going extinct. Bernau (2006) argues that zoologists and botanists have tried to identify the factors behind widespread endangering; these include loss of habitat as people encroach on their ecosystems, increased variety of diseases, and reduced adaptive capabilities.

The author of the paper argues in a well-organized manner that monoclonal antibodies refer to the monospecific antibodies variant formed from the matching immune cells, which are cloned from an exclusive parent cell. They are different from polyclonal antibodies because this poly-type is formed using a variety of immune cell variants.

Although all manta rays are massive, there are several different species that occur around the world, and each one varies slightly in size. Despite its giant appearance, it prefers inshore waters, and only seldom journeys into the depths of the open ocean.

Stem cells are cells that have the ability to reproduce on their own over a long period of time without being differentiated. They also have the capability to reproduce nonpermanent progenitor cells with a very limited capacity of proliferation. From the cells, a variety of highly differentiated cells such as blood, muscle, and neural cells form.

Streams and rivers have been under extreme pressure from anthropogenic sources which have consequently affected the river or stream quality and thus terminologies such as ecological integrity, stream condition and river health have been coined to describe the status of river ecosystems in response to human activities (Allan, 2004).

On the basis of skeletal remains with the application of both developmental and degenerative methods, it is possible to determine the sex and age of the population. These methods evoke numerous controversies among researchers and scientists in this field. Nevertheless, it is relevant to choose effective methods and assess their applicability, reliability, and range.

Many clinical laboratory tests incorporate antibodies because of their unique feature in identifying and singling out among very much interrelated antigens. Any test concerning an antibody-antigen reaction is referred to as a serological test. These tests make use of the reality that a good number of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic illnesses bring forth accomplished antibody rejoinders.

The repair pathway has been linked to colon cancer in humans via association with MI in colon tumors found in HNPCC families. MIs are short and repetitive sequences that are incorrectly copied by the DNA polymerase since the template and daughter strands found in the region are prone to misalignment.

The author analyzes the concept of blood transfusion from a risky and fatal system to a safe and secure process with accurate projections of possible outcomes. He states that early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.