Biology Essays

This paper has highlighted the unicellular protozoan amoeba. The organism functions successfully in its environment because its organelle is structurally adapted to carry out basic life processes efficiently. The amoeba’s anatomy, physiology, ability to change shape for locomotion and nutrition, and the activities performed by its various organs.

Consumption of food is a regular activity for human beings. There is a reason behind this. There are many raw materials essential to the human body, which need to be made available in a predetermined form. Food is the source of these predetermined raw materials, as the human body cannot make these raw materials, which are called nutrients.

Preparation of opium requires the dried latex of green seedpods of the opium poppy as the raw material (Szablewicz, 2010). Opium poppy has a complex history as it has brought great problems, as well as great benefits to the human society (Lee et al., 2011).

Tropical deforestation now accounts for almost 15% of the world’s global warming and is a leading cause of increasing the overall temperature of earth atmosphere. A tropical rainforest is a complete eco-system which occurs at the north and south of the equator.

The normal body functions are regulated mostly by our central nervous system. The specific pathways of regulation are however different based on the system affected. The autonomic nervous system has a major function in managing the normal processes of the cardiovascular system with the interplay of pressure, volume, and chemical receptor signals.

The function of a ligament is to connect one bone to another. A ligament is made up of collagen fibers. Naturally, ligaments possess high ductility, can handle maximum stress, and have a strength that is independent of the strain rate (Meyers, et al.). Silk is another form of structural material derived from animals.

Many genetic changes happen when a normal cell is converted to a cancer cell (Hartwell & Kastan 1994). In a carcinoma cell the normal order and the functions of a cell are impaired and the usual limits of cell division are ignored. This condition may arise as a result of a mutation / change of the genetic sequence or due to DNA damage and it is important to note that the ‘growth fraction’ (ratio of proliferating cells to cells in resting stage) is remarkably high in carcinoma cells than in normal cells (Eidukevicius et al.

Fertilizers play a significant role in the growth of plants and farmers should establish which method of dressing best fits their plants. Some plants would perform better with layering while others perform excellently when fertile is top-dressed. Farmers should seek the services of consultants to help them understand how best they can maximize plant growth. 

Aspects such as leaf area, plant height, leaf area index, plant growth rate, dry weight, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, photosynthesis, net assimilation rate, rate of carbon dioxide exchange, the content of chlorophyll, as well as the efficiency of nitrogen utilization have been found to influence the growth of plants.

Moreover, the current advances in DNA technology have made it possible for effective analysis of plants, and then using the obtained information to augment other sources of evidence in identifying criminals. Plants are innocent but are critical in helping detectives unearth the truth surrounding crimes.

In order to assess the impacts of sildenafil on embryo development, the experiment required two-cell embryos that were taken from naturally mated mice and grown to the blastocyst stage in an environment supplemented with sildenafil (Figure 2.1). Sildenafil was used at a concentration of 0.5µg/ml in order to compare well with the plasma concentrations in the male mice.

Type 1 is treated non-surgically with insulin replacement – normally through an insulin pump or insulin injection, along with dietary management, usually including vigilant monitoring of blood glucose levels with the use of glucose meters and carbohydrate tracking.

The avian subtype H5N1 had been incriminated for several human diseases and deaths and was known to occur from infected poultry birds and farmyard animals as influenza A (CDC, 2009). The WHO worked with the aim of identification of new cases and made attempts to reduce animal health and public health risks (WHO, 2011).

Vitamins and mineral-added foods are very commonly available in the market these days and the advertisement and labeling are made very attractive forcing the customers to buy these food products without knowing whether they require the additional vitamins and minerals or not. These foods with added minerals and vitamins are known as functional foods.

In actual sense, the recipient will have the same combination of genes that are used in the plasmid. this is a type of combining genes from the donor to the recipient, in making a strong production. For instance, during the 1970’s researchers had started the research on how genes could be combined from a donor to the recipient.

Over centuries, settlement and civilization patterns in the U.A.E has been under the influence of water availability and distribution pattern. The arid climate of the U.A.E is the primary cause of many challenges that face the inhabitants of the different parts of the Emirates. U.A.E faces a massive challenge in providing a sustainable supply of water for use in various facets of the economy.

This gene produce proteins referred to as Breast Cancer Type 1 found in breast cells and other tissues of the human body (Kadouri & Rotenberg 468). Functions of Proteins The proteins produced by BRCA1 are responsible for controlling excessive growth and division of cells in human body (Kadouri & Rotenberg 470).

For the past few decades, obesity is the major epidemic problem in many countries around the world. World Health Organization says that around 1 billion are above the normal weight and the body mass index is greater than 25. In addition, nearly 25% of the overweight persons are obese, with most of the overweight persons are in the age group 20 – 70 years.

Corals reefs tend to be of significant importance in the ocean environment because of various factors addresses in this paper. However, occurrences of bleaching damage the existence of the corals. Bleaching is the disruption of symbiosis that occurs between the coral hosts and its endosymbiotic zooxanthallae (Rosenberg et al., 2009).

Prokaryotic cells are simple in terms of their structures while eukaryotic cells are quite complicated. Eukaryotes have large number of membranous organelles while prokaryotes have less organelles and only one plasma membrane. (Campbell and Farrell 15). Prokaryotic cells mostly have cell walls while fewer eukaryotic cells have cell walls comparatively.

Meiosis is another type of cell division which occurs in reproductive cells or germ cells only. It involves two fissions of the nucleus and gives rise to four sex cells or gametes. Each of the cells has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Meiosis occurs in 2 stages, meiosis -1 and meiosis-2.

The need of transportation requires fuel which in turn requires oil. The need for shelter requires building material which in turn requires material. The need for sustenance requires a well balanced diet; requiring food sources from around the globe. However, the most basic and fundamental building block of human life is of course water.

It was not until early 1900s that a genetic perspective proved helpful in trying to understand the behavior of these photoreceptor molecules. The gene coding for these photoreceptors were detected by breeding of bean plant under two different conditions, of long periods and short periods.

Much later data, however, point out to approximately 600,000 deaths every year worldwide (Beig et al., 2010). The disease has a high incidence particularly in Southeast Asia, South-Central Asia, and Southern Africa. However, in Western countries like the United States alone, typhoid fever accounts for as few as 300 cases a year due to a good access in vaccination and other preventive factors (Lynch et al., 2009).

From this paper it is clear that how the information in DNA is utilized is summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology. It starts with DNA replication, in which the chromosomes accurately make copy of themselves to prepare for cell division, whose steps are clearly visible even through a light. 

Personalized Medicine Name Course Instructor’s Name Date Personalized Medicine The National Human Genome Research Institute has provided a definition of personalized medicine as “an emerging practice of medicine that uses an individual's genetic profile to guide decisions made in regard to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.

Kangaroos belong to the superfamily Macropodoidea meaning “great -footed” which includes two families, Macropodoidea and Potoroidea. The Potoroo, Bettong, and rat-kangaroo are in the Potoroidea family whereas the Macropodoidea family includes wallabies, wallaroos, pademelons, and tree kangaroos. Potoroids differ from Macropoids in a number of cranial characters.

A human body has many biological systems working in tandem and in perfect harmony to synchronize these various body functions. There are ten major systems in humans, which are the following: the circulatory system, the digestive, integumentary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, urinary, immune, and finally, the nervous system.

To ascertain how the theory of Darwin works, the author included a number of woodlice in the experiment  and certain traits that seemed to be linked to evolution were considered, they include weight, size, sprint time and the number of dorsal plate. Conspicuous variation existed in some of the traits such as weight and sprint time.

In this experiment, I decided to test the effects of caffeine on the blood pressure of healthy human beings.  I will test each of the persons under the experiment on a regular water diet and a caffeinated water diet for a period of one week each.  I found out that caffeine does have a significant difference in the blood pressure of human beings.

sequence): Isoleucine+ glycine + asparagine + Aspartic acid + proline + STOP What is the significance of the first and last codons of an mRNA transcript? Explanation: The significance of the first codon is that it determines signals the beginning of a translation point, usually AUG, which signals the inclusion of methionine.

The detection of the antibody reaction with the specific antigens is examined and all the physiological process behind it. The experimentation processes of immune-imaging of the cells on the photon of the fluorescent microscopy are also explored in the paper.

This required proper handling and management skills including the ability to empathize with animals. Domestication process also involved physical and emotional intimacy between animas and humans. This significantly determined the selection of the most suitable animals for domesticating (Price 11).

In most cases, the resultant complications often include cardiac arrest, myogrobinuric acute renal failure, compartment syndrome, disseminated intravescular coagulation and other related life threatening complications. Most patients suffering from Rhabdomyolysis may also experience markedly elevated Creatine kinase(CK).

A number of diseases are the cause of the increased morbidity and mortality in the world today. To get a solution, understanding the way cells function and determining any deviations from the norm is critical. This can be understood by studying gene expression, regulatory processes, cell differentiation, and proliferation and death pathways.

Section A Calculation for RBC Length of one smallest square = 1/20 mm Width of one smallest square = 1/20 mm Depth of one smallest square = 1/10 mm Volume of one smallest square = 1/20 x 1/20 x 1/10 = 1/4000 mm3 Total number of RBCs counted = 1036 (5 squares, 4 corners + 1 center) No.

 Vital capacity of male and female was compared and the effect of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the inspired air along with the effect of hyperventilation on breath holding limit was also measured. Carbon dioxide is one of those factors whose presence in the inspired air directly relates to the respiratory rate and tidal volume.

It is significant to note that the response is not specific in nature and does not target specific pathogens. In the first response, the IgM will be responsible for the detoxification of the pathogen by the antibodies. IgM is efficient after the initial attack by the pathogen.

Historically, Jellyfish is said to arise in the late Precambrian period when the first tectonic plate began to move and formed eukaryotic cells. During that period, there was so much oxygen in the atmosphere, and this condition birthed the first animal. As a result, few creatures resembling worms and jellyfish became discovered.

Membrane budding is also vesicle budding or vesicle formation. The process involves evagination of a membrane to form a vesicle. Vesicles are minute membrane enclosed sacs, which are responsible for transportation of cargo inside a cell. Vesicle budding is responsible for membrane activities such as vesicular transport and virus release.

The nature and scope of the relationship have, however, been differing depending on the type of animal and the benefits an animal has to humans. This relationship has been conceptualized in terms of bringing animals into the human realm. Conventionally, the relationships between humans and animals that have been regarded as domestic are very variable in respect to control of specific animals such as honey-bees, elephants, cats, horses, and cattle among others (Marchello 11).

According to World Health Organization (WHO), over thirty millions infection occurred in the 1990, in both North America and Western Europe (Eng & Butler, 1997). The infections draw attention as their prolonged rate of infection leads to disastrous consequences in the society.

The new discoveries brought about by the most unlikely occurrences have challenged our understanding of right-handed amino acids and their role in the biological composition of some species, and most importantly, of the human physiology. As the building blocks of protein, left-handed amino acids also known as L-amino acids have always been accepted as the dominant over right-handed amino acids also known as D-amino acids which have easily been dismissed as having little to no role in the process.

The parasite is common in the human population. However, due to its poor manifestation, it is difficult to detect in the population. Moreover, observing basic hygiene can help in preventing the spread of infection. On the other hand, the disease calls for more attention to be put on pregnant women as it may lead to complications for the child.

Moreover, this paper explores numerous aspects of genetically modified organisms in order to achieve the research objectives. In this case, this research paper will cover aspects such as historical background, political, legal and economical impact of the GMO.

This man made mayhem since pre-industrial period has caused the increase of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases trap the infrared radiation from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere and emit it, warming the planet.

it in its place Ciliary muscles Smooth muscle present in the ciliary body. helps in changing the shape of shape of lens while accommodation Aqueous Humour A fibrous, protective and opaque outer structure. Provides surface for eye muscles to get attached Vitreous Humour A hole within the Iris Allows the passage of light rays through the eye in a controlled amount Optic Nerve bundle of sensory fibers joined together Conveys the visual stimuli to the CNS Retina jelly like transparent structure located behind the lens Maintains the shape of eyeball’s posterior chamber Choroid Vascular layer of eye Supplies nutrition to various eye structures 1.

It is, firstly, a beautifully written story, but it is, also, filled with philosophy and common perspectives of the time that it was written, the early 1970s. This novel was chosen because it offers a unique and, more realistic, relationship between human beings and animals.

Pathogens present in water are causal organisms of gastrointestinal trouble encompassing typhoid, dysentery and cholera. Essentially, waste water should be treated and purified before disposal. Bacteriological assessment of water purification methods that supply potable water is also imperative to follow the norms set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The human eye acts as a camera and detects light rays which are eliminated in the form of packets of energy known as photons or waves of various frequencies. These rays of light surround us everywhere. Rays of light are also emitted by various objects present around us. However, light rays first come in contact with the cornea.