Chemistry Essays

However, photon that is incident is of much greater energy than the quantum energy in the vibrational mode. This loses its energy to the molecular vibration with the remaining energy being scattered as a photon with reduced a

A binder serves to hold the pigment to the surface. Most binders are polymeric and are either suspended or dissolved in paint by emulsifiers. Natural oils- linseed, tung, and fish were used as binders until the 1960s. Currently, alkyd resins, vinyl and acrylic emulsions, epoxy resins, and polyurethanes are the primary binders used in paints. 

These elements are strong non-metals and are unstable in their elemental state and they can form stable compounds when reacted with the more reactive metals. Furthermore, the reactions that form these compounds are exothermic hence they are favored and oxygen and sulfur are commonly bonded to metals in their ores.

I graduated with a GPA of 3.12/4 from the university. This enabled me to get a scholarship from my government and I intend to pursue this filed further. However, I believe that a masters’

Most people know Lysol kills germs. I would work with the slogan ‘kills 99.9% of household germs’. Along with this phrase, a new slogan could be added. ‘Germ destroyer’ or ‘H1N1 fighter’ could be used with the original slogan. If using ‘H1N1 fighter’ as a slogan, this would achieve many goals. By using the specter of H1N1 it can cause the consumer to switch to Lysol through anxiety.

The requirement for large amounts of pure compound is because of the relatively low sensitivity of NMR and the lack of a compound separation system in analysis of NMR. The Purpose of this paper will be to

The aim of this research was to advocate bio-oils reformation through the current used in the Ni-CNTs catalyst’s high-dispersion. This indicated that bio-oils reformation is helpful in increasing hydrogen’s yield by the reformation of bio-oils organic compounds at low temperature. The authors used H2-TPD, XRD, TEM, XPS, ICP/AES.

These countries are France, Japan, and the United States. This is despite the fact that there are 439 nuclear reactors for power generation scattered across 31 countries. Statistics have shown that this

There has been continued disagreement concerning who should receive the credits as the father of the periodic table between Lothar Meyer and Dmitri

atoms and amount of light absorbed, therefore, we can determine the concentration of the sample by measuring the amount of light absorbed (Karabegov, 2011). Samples have to be heated to extremely high temperatures in other to atomise them. The sample goes through a nebulizer

It is commonly found in sand and dust. It hardly ever occurs in a naturally free state. In industry silicon is most often used as in the state it is found in nature. The majority of silicon found in nature is used in steel refining and aluminum casting. The highly purified form of silicon is used in integrated circuits. This makes it an essential component of most computers.

In this experiment, the validity of balanced equations was demonstrated by accurately predicting the molecular weight of Magnesium, supposedly a constant

A standard curve is obtainable by making solutions with known concentrations of the substance under investigation then measuring their absorbance. The known concentration is plotted on the y-axis against absorbance on the

There are several routes to the extraction of zirconium oxide: chlorination, alkali decomposition, lime fusion and precipitation of the acidic reagents. Zirconium oxide has a very high resistance to heat, so it's ideal to be used as a refractory insulating material, industrial manufacture of crucibles and production of alkaline zirconate.

Other properties include having excellent biocompatibility and functionalization. This has made it easy for researchers to use it physical, chemical and biomedical fields. Its capacity to absorb aromatic biomolecules through static interaction and electrostatic

The solid or liquid stationary phase holds the mixture to be separated. In addition, it is the medium through which the mobile phase passes. Basically, on the other hand, the liquid or gaseous mobile phase passes along the stationary phase and in the process carries the components of the mixture with it. 

“Both may contribute ... [but] it seems clear that the banknotes containing 1,240 micrograms of cocaine were used directly during a drug deal or uptake [drug use]” (Zuo cited in Biello, 2009). Owing

The gas is needed pure and so, the liquid sample acts as impurities commonly referred to as ghost peaks. 5. Thermal conductivity detectors work by sensing the changes in thermal conductivity of the column

The apparent slight differences between the actual and theoretical figures may be accounted for by error through the inaccurate reading of measurements with the device or tool used. Another source of error (other than human fault) may be attributed to an unnoticed defect in the apparatus or measuring scale which has not been properly calibrated.

In the process of losing or gaining electrons, these atoms become ions with a positive and negative charge. Opposite charges attract and hold these atoms close together in a lattice structure forming multiple ionic bonds. Because these forces of attraction are very strong, ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.

These relationships must be experimentally determined so as to specify the system’s properties. On the other hand, kinetics deals

High temperatures increase the rate of collision and thus speeding up the rate of decay in transition elements. At normal temperatures microorganisms are able to survive and thus speeding up the

The primary mode of arousing interest in the population regarding the regulation of chemicals is by creating awareness. Awareness of these harmful chemicals can be aroused by publishing articles in newspapers that are easily available to all. Documentaries can be aired by news channels that would educate the population against harmful chemicals.

Most of the aldehydes feature a pleasant odour. Principally, they are derived from alcohols through dehydrogenation (the process of removal of hydrogen). It is this process that the name aldehyde originated. The

In general, antibiotics are natural substances discharged by fungi and bacteria into their surroundings, as a means of restraining other organisms. This paper will discuss the history of penicillin from its discovery, development and

Sulfuryl fluoride is found to be a highly toxic gas, which can severely impact the central nervous system, the respiratory system, and other vital organs. Depending on the dosage and duration of exposure, the effects of sulfuryl fluoride on humans may be mild, severe, or fatal. Future research in this area should focus on developing a less toxic version of the fumigant on humans, but one that is more efficient for use as a pesticide.

Stomach upset may result if aspirin is taken on an empty stomach. Aspirin should be swallowed with a cup of water instead of chewing. Patients who are taking aspirin on regular basis for some diseases should inform their doctors about it before proceeding with complex medical procedures such as surgery.

While Romania is recognized to have built the first large petroleum refinery in Ploesti, the refining of crude petroleum is greatly attributed to the

The coefficient of soil permeability maybe thus having a difference in vertical and horizontal directions. So, to be sure in the correctness of the value of the coefficient of soil permeability, engineers are needed to expand the testing of soil to the field levels as the lab cannot provide the conditions present in the field (Fetter 200).

In the first set up, sodium carbonate was reacted with calcium chloride. From our knowledge of chemical reactions we know that when you react the two the

From the data obtained it was clear to categorize the solutions in the experiment according to their conductance values. The solutions whose ions dissociate fully in aqueous solution produced the highest conductance while those that dissociated partially gave lower conductance and hence were classified as strong and weak electrolytes respectively.

Alcohols (e.g. ethanol) react reversibly with carboxylic acids (e.g. Propionic acid) to produce esters (e.g. ethyl propionate) and water (H2O). The reaction mechanism involves protonation of the oxygen of the carbonyl group, allowing nucleophilic attack by alcohol or water at the carbon atom or carbonyl group (Dalton 655). 

In order to transport 1000lbs or 453.59kgs net weight safely and abiding by the guidelines set forth by the Code of Federal Regulations under Title 49: Transportation, the following are the recommendations to maintain the integrity of the shipment, mitigate the effects of accidents causing the spillage of the hazardous chemical to the environment.

nature of biological molecules found in the cellular level, the task of studying cells even with the use of microscopes is a tedious task because of the tedious differentiation of biological molecules from each other. Biosensors have been a boon for scientists as they have

Weighing by difference gives more accurate results because when the readings are subtracted then any zero error due to the wrong calibration of the instrument will be removed from the final reading. In the case of weighing a mass directly if the instrument contains a zero error, it will show up in the reading obtained which will then be inaccurate. 

The faster rate of change is because at Alcan all the departments have their own IT employees who work for them. Thus each department tries to give their most and their best. The cost for IT is around $300 Million for Alcan which is a huge amount and shows its efficiency. Still, $200 million were spent on IT by the IT department.

All of these graphs have absorbance (340nm) on the y-axis and Time (min) on the x-axis. The graphs were drawn individually however due to a great deal of overlap in the data, it was better to

Canned new releases, the language of spin, and the use of trigger words, has influenced the truth and honesty that should be there when events are interpreted. As the sources of news commentary have increased over the years, the transparency

It is now considered as one of the most widely produced chemicals worldwide, with more than 6 billion pounds produced and 100 tons released in the atmosphere, annually.1 Unfortunately, it has

Solvent and solute molecules absorb light, and there is a proportion of light radiation which passes through. This proportion of light is known as transmittance abbreviated by T. The proportion of the light which is absorbed by the molecules in the medium is referred to as absorbance which is abbreviated as A.

One example of biofuel currently gaining popularity in the market is biodiesel. Based on this fuel’s properties in terms of emissions and price, biodiesel is becoming attractive to car and truck owners.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was studied. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide at intervals of 5 minutes was recorded through the titration of the reaction mixture with standard potassium permanganate. Fe3+ acted as a catalyst. Graphs that complied with the first-order reaction were drawn when values of Vt against t, and ln Vt against t were drawn.

The latest and short-term solution which is considered these days is the use of nuclear power. Nuclear energy is best utilized to the middle and high scale of generation of electricity. In 1939, Nuclear energy was introduced with the discovery of nuclear fission. However, in 1789, Uranium was discovered by a German scientist named Martin Klaproth.

Guidelines towards achieving a contamination-free and safe water are followed strictly. The source of water must be deep enough so that contaminants coming from the soil cannot reach it. After the water has been pumped up to the storage facilities, the water is further sanitized using chlorine to kill harmful microorganisms.

The allotrope is tremendously toxic and can be lethal. Moreover, white phosphorus can cause deep slow-healing burns and is highly inflammable and reactive to the extent that a fire can erupt, however, while burning white phosphorus can also cause damage to the kidneys, heart, or liver. Furthermore, prolonged skin exposure to phosphorus can cause dermatitis.

The three institutions are in collaboration with the aim of reducing the impact of carbon energy on the atmosphere. The three institutions wish to come up with the best energy wedge that can be implemented and reduce carbon emissions by half in the next 50 years or maintain the current rate holding it constant for the same number of years.

According to the text, global warming is a steady rise of the world temperature which causes melting of the North and South Pole regions causing rising of the sea tides. That's why fuel cells have a great advantage as compared to other traditional sources of energy for they are more efficient and cause less pollution of the environment.

Error value for calculating the sample concentration using peak area is given by the formula, Error rate = (standard deviation for peak area/average of peak area) 100 % Error rate = (1338029.784/69124507.67)100 % Error rate for peak area = 1.9356 Error value for calculating the sample concentration using peak height is given by the formula.

It is also not known whether the method affects the durability of the bridges. The corrosion method being tested is impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP). A titanium mixed metal oxide is employed as an anode, which is applied on the upper

Ultrasound refers to sound waves that have higher frequencies in comparison to the human ear. Ultrasound usage is divided into two including the high frequency and low