Philosophy Essays

Existentialism is a cultural and philosophical movement in that the experiences of an individual are the defining point of all philosophical thinking (Flynn 145). Therefore, in a short story such as ‘To Build a Fire’ by Jack London, it is about the unfortunate tale of a man who falls victim to the power of nature. This happens when he goes for an expedition to a wild environment in Yukon with sub-freezing temperatures.

There are weaknesses of Utilitarianism that depict the need for an alternative theory, whereby in numerous phases of argument the test for sufficiency of the theory that Rawls discusses demonstrates its superiority to Utilitarianism. Accounts of social justice introduce transitions to Rawls’s second book "Political Liberalism”.

The problem of evil has caused a significant objection to the conviction regarding God’s existence. However, considering the extent and aptitude of suffering evident in the world, there is a need to determine whether it results from inhumanity or natural disaster (Kibler, 2004). Nonetheless, there is not ample evidence to approve or disapprove that God exists.

Chaos theory aims to find the general order of social systems and particularly social systems that are similar to each other. The assumption here is that the unpredictability in a system can be represented as overall behavior, which gives some amount of predictability, even when the system is unstable.

However, the moral progress, in accordance with the statement by Moody Adams (257), is always local, which leads to deeper social differentiation between those who support and those who oppose the global moral progress. The key aim of the paper is to analyze whether the moral progress is possible, and summarize the considerations, made by Moody Adams, considering the arguments by Fricker and Calhoun as well.

Freudians attributed a psychological origin to belief in God. This constituted their principal criticism of belief in God. In other words, Freudians contended that God was merely the projection of intense individual and unconscious desires. Thus, God was deemed to be nothing more than a wish-fulfillment that ensued from the immature needs for protection and security.

According to the United States census, a person is referred to as Hispanic if they are of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Spanish or Central American origin. This is regardless to their races. Ethics emanates from peoples culture. Culture is described as the daily norms among a particular community.

This paper reviewed and analyzed the presence of alienation in modern student-workers and found that tough economic realities are forcing pupils to engage in work and therefore, their ability as a student suffers while they also fail to meet their potential. An engaged student is noticed to suffer social, professional, and personal loneliness.

Foucault conceptualizes discourse as the “ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations which inhere in such knowledge and relations between them. They constitute the nature of the body, unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern.”

The political philosophy of western civilization began just as any other tradition that people practice. The political waves spread across Athens before the beginning of the sixth century BC, and they had significant impacts on society. This period is also considered as the transition from the dark ages. This period is also considered as the period when society had begun considering the value of the organization.

The provisions of the American Nurses Association require nurses to provide care that is not restricted by social or economic status (The American Nurses Association, 2001). This justifies the emergency nursing care that Susan provided for Santana despite the fact that he was an illegal immigrant who had no access to health insurance and was not employed.

What is Philosophy? Religions and myths had passed on through out generations, and had guided man in this respect until philosophy brought on a revolution which completely changed the world (Kenny, 5). Before then, it was believed that gods and other forces controlled what happened in the world.

In his essay, Violence and the word, Robert Cover expresses how the rule of law is in itself a form of death and infliction of pain, similar to when offenders commit crimes. The two essays are appreciative of the concepts of pain, death, and suffering as inflicted in the act of the crime, as well as the interpretation of the law.

It is the very sense that makes the humans feel justified and reasonable to dwell in the society as families and socialize with others to build the social network. Humans don’t need a law to tell that killing another human being without any justifiable reason is wrong; they know it and this knowledge is natural-born in humans.

Living in these uncertain times, when money is tight and penny-pinching is the order of the day, when the country faces a fiscal cliff, and our savings accounts and other investments are basically equivalent to worthless stock, it is important for people to take a step back and study their various remaining options when it comes to their retirements benefits.

What is the most convincing ethical system? Why? The procedure of differentiating between bad and good is Ethics. Like any other procedure, ethics is related to behavior of human beings alone. Ethics has have a tremendous effect on human behavior and as a human being, when given a wide range of options, a person can identify the distinction between good and bad.

That is as far as labor relations are concerned. In the same document, there is also a provision that every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment which includes: to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations.

This notion puts forward the need to further examine the aspects related to the correlation between race and crime in America. This research paper employs extensive empirical evidence, prior literature, studies, and crime reports to establish the relationship between racial residential segregation and urban crime.

The main thesis of David Boonin revolves around the moral case against endorsement of abortion. The source could be termed as reliable because the author has integrated a variety of disciplines in the analysis of the issue at hand. Several variables have been incorporated in the analysis and evaluation of the phenomenon at hand.

His student Plato is credited with providing the most insightful representations of Socrates’ philosophies in his works and dialogues (p. 1). Plato’s representation of Socrates’ philosophy is credited with having perpetually influenced logic and epistemology and not only Plato’s own philosophy but the development of Western philosophy.

Introduction The debate for the existence or non-existence of God as an all knowing, all powerful Supreme Being has existed ever since the beginning of time, or as others would say, the evolution of man as a thinking, reasoning being. Rather than accepting all things around him, man began to question his existence ever since the philosopher stated: “I think, therefore I am”.

Nonetheless, there is no single definition that has ever elucidated the definition of wisdom. However, philosophically, wisdom is defined as the ability to make use of the existing knowledge (Craig 10). There has been a chronological categorization of wisdom literatures in the west: philosophical (to Socrates), classical (Socrates to Boethius), Christian (New Testament to Nicholas of Cusa), and modern (Pierre Charron to present) (Craig 10).

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius is one of the sages who have had significant impact on this debate; he posited a solution for this problem which he claims was shown to him in a vision by lady philosophy while he was locked up in prison. On free will he says the fact that humans are capable of reasoning means they possess free will, reason enables them to make logical judgments which translate to decisions.

The author explains the formulation that executes Kant’s deontology which is categorical imperative. According to Kant, imperatives imply what they meant which are command such as “wake up early”. Often they are hypothetical imperative because they only serve a specific objective or purpose such as “wake up early so you will not be later for work.

A Kantian is a proponent of the retributive theory of punishment that was put forward by the German Law philosopher Immanuel Kant. The theory requires that the punishment accorded to an offender should be reasonably proportional to the crime committed by the offender otherwise, an injustice has occurred.

This document focuses on the use of symbolism in the movie trilogy called the Matrix, which was first released into theatres in the year 1999 in the month of March. Parts II and III of the same movie were released in 2003 in the months of May and November respectively.

Problems of philosophy. The fearless efforts by philosophy to trend even those grounds which are feared by other disciplines have rendered it susceptible to unresolved issues. As a philosopher, one will realize that its ability to accommodate almost every idea from whatever person makes this even worse.

The author states that Upanishadic Hinduism suggests the survival of a self. This personality is the individual’s correct self and this correct personality is precisely similar to Brahman, which is the personality. This self is the personality in all it is the identity that is at the core of all items.

The author states that the four principles approach was created to respond to the changeable demands of medical ethics and philosophy. The four principles approach builds on the premise that health care professionals must always consider the four main ethical principles – respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice.

The length of despair also rendered man to purportedly-resolve around the principles that undergirds humanity and all other activities that strived to examine and carefully discuss this natural compulsion. Plato is one of the examples that sought to reach this verge in his symposium.

Scientists have studied Henrietta Lacks cells for her DNA and chromosomes in such detail that they are now familiar with every niche and corner of the spiral that keeps replicating to keep the cells alive. (Skloot, R. 2010) A high school biology teacher quoted that HeLa’s cells were the most important thing to happen to medical science in the past century.

Ethics covers wide areas of human life similarly it has great significance in the overall societal boundaries and social welfare. Morality and ethics are often used interchangeably because on the communal level they both represent the difference between right and wrong, good and bad.

She obtained her heroic vision from her fictional hero in the French Magazine for children, and this sustained her all her life. Her life was interesting as she witnessed the two major revolutions in history. These were the Kerensky and Bolshevik revolutions.

The theory of materialism states that any that has existence is material and that whatever is mental either has no existence or can be identified with material objects. This theory was first put forward by Thomas Hobbes who claimed that sense is what brings about materialism.

Like all others, my behavior is the product of both genetics and socialization. So, the ethics in me have been undergoing the influence of both. In other words, the gene in me and the society around me both had an impact on my behavior and my ethics. Genetics made me possess certain innate qualities that I find difficult to erase.

“In the depths of his conscience, man detects a law which he does not impose on himself, but which holds him to obedience. For a man has in his heart a law written by God. To obey it is the very dignity of man; according to it he will be judged.”

The author states that in defining love from this perspective, it is worth to provide a detailed explanation that two are considered in genuine emotional attraction if they show committed to each other and handle their feeling through conflicts of interests. Thus, it should be more understood as a commitment to understand one deeply and show real care.

It is unfortunate that these inequalities are more than the estate was about 50 years ago. It is unfortunate that from the many that with the changes taking place in the world today, there are higher cases of inequalities than in the previous years (Schaefer 2007, p23).

In 1776, President Thomas Jefferson uses the philosophical teachings of John Locke as the foundation for his Declaration of Independence where President Jefferson promised to exert efforts to make all men equal. However, the makers of the United States Constitution preferred that only the White Americans who owned lands could vote (Ciment, 1).

In this industrial accident, over 1100 humans died in a factory building collapse (The Economist). However, even as many industries come in to sign agreements which seem to guarantee that they will uphold the security of the workers, there is an increased need for these firms to understand one crucial thing; that is, the security and the safety of works is and will not be determined by the signing of safety agreements.

Egalitarianism is a prominent trend in which people should get equality in all factors of life.  It has been prominent in political and social philosophy thus becoming central in moral philosophy from the late 20th Century. In this philosophy, people ought to get the same, be treated equally, treat our friends as equals, and all people should enjoy equal social status. 

An ethical argument exists around advanced directives in cases where a patient’s current desires conflict with the desires he or she had expressed in his or her advance directive. Suppose a patient is incompetent in the general, overall sense, but years ago, when competent, he executed a living will contradicting what he expresses now.

The author states that philosophers have a hesitation about intuition as a justification for knowledge. Although in reality intuition is very common to all humans, it is undeniable to think that knowledge to be justified by mere immediate and personal certainty of a person could be based only to wild guesses and do not contain justifiable truth.

The core thesis of Singer’s work is hinged on four suppositions: (1) "Suffering and death from lack of food, shelter and medical care are bad" (2) "If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, then we ought, morally, to do it", (3) "It makes no moral difference whether the person I can help is a neighbor's child ten yards from me or a Bengali whose name I shall never know, ten thousand miles away", and (4) "The principle makes no distinction between cases in which I am the only person who could possibly do anything and cases in which I am just one among millions in the same position".

Philosophical Conceptions of Justice. Philosophical Conceptions of Justice People of diverse cultures and ethnicities make up the world. This means that different people perceive justice in different ways depending on the people around them and their ways of life and intellectual capabilities.

MNCs play a major role in the rapid globalization of the world today. The first of their kind was the British East India Company, which came about in 1600. The second one followed two years later called the Dutch East India Company. Over the years, MNCs have been criticized for various reasons despite their many advantages. It is believed that they pay less regard to human rights and the environment.

Various claims as highlighted in the essay try to prove that lesbians in reality are not women. One of these reasons is that lesbians are not real women, as to be real, argues hale, one has to have the characteristics of a woman (Hale 47). He argues that many people agree that heterosexuals are in fact not real women.

In this regard, the approaches and principles of two basketball coaches that include Coach Wooden and Phil Jackson have been studied to determine the techniques that are used to improve and motivate players. In this regard, it has been viewed that the coaches adopt and implement certain similar and dissimilar techniques along with approaches to train employees and also to improve their skills.        

Generally speaking, in law and criminology, Leibniz’s Law may state that if Murderer A is identical to Suspect B, then every attribute of A is also an attribute of B, and vice versa (Ruble 24). This paper provides an argument for the claim that some mental states are not identical to any brain state.

The question for certainty and truth has long been part of humanity’s quest for answers to some basic questions that people normally possess. Perhaps, some of these questions may include how do I know that I know x? At first glance, the questions appear to be rhetorical. However, upon closer look and reflection.